jihad faroukhi
dr.ibahrine
chapter 14: Patterns in global Communication: prospects and concerns
I)Introduction
At end of 20th Cent, USA Congress passed a Laissez-faire Communication (new world order for media around the world)
This was not a sign of democratization
content control was always held within state bureacracies or by the citizen-owners of the nation
media cartels have been formed to secure capital or dominate marketplace
information revolution seems to have come to an end or the very least a maturation
II) the Status of Infrastructure in the Com. Industry
information revolution called by some writers 'the com. age' or the 'era of new media'
Nicholas Negroponte calls it 'digital revolution'
wireless ind., ahieved through use of global satellites
a) the Global Satellite System
1965, Geosynchronous satellite (GEO) could handle only 240 voice circuit at a time
now: 40% of voice traffic
b) Asia-Pacific Rim
satellite established to serve Asian Pacific region
ex: AsiaSat, Insat, KoreaSat, Palapa, etc
New bus. development ('soft alliance')
Hybrid network: combines both space and terrestrial connections to deliver customer signals efficiently and economically
c) The Middle-East
progress through selling broadband internet access by satellite and DBS
ArabSat: ME most important service providers
d) Africa
with exception of some major cties, Africa's terrestrial com infrastructure is scarce at best and non existant at worst
new GSM installation (growing) in africa
3 million users of Internet in africa (having a pop of 700 million)
e) Europe
pioneer in the field of DBS and DTG transmission services
Eutelsat important
f) South America
Latin America is sustained by a variety of Trans-Atlantic Satellites, including Intelsat and PanAmSat, and thakns to the continent deregulation of the telecom sector
Argentina: region's satellite sector
g) North America
WTO agreement opened up the telecom market and formation of a Pan-American market for satellite services has emerged
US and Latin America operators form partnerships
USA monopolizes north american satellite market
second and third generation tech implemented
h) Global Internet Services
preeminent economies such as the ones of USA, Can, Japan, etc have perfected sophisticated fiber-optic telephone
USA becomes the 1st fully integrated digital telecom in world
base economies (developing countries relying on foreign aid)
Expectant economy
III) Privacy and Information Warfare
'the evil incident to invasion of the privacy of the telephone is far geater than that involved in tampering with the mails'
FBI capturing info of all kinds
a) Gov intrusion
Surveillance system called Echelon: under covenant UKUSA, observe and anallyze telephone, fax, email and Internet com
employs special computer program such as 'dictionary'
FIDNET: against terrorism
b) Int Information Warfare
spread of computer viruses, terrorists using propaganda
c) Int Debate concerning Free Access to New Media
In many expectant and base economies, info cannot be freely exchanged via Internet
media censorship in some Arab countries
IV) Global Economics, Transnational media, and Vanishing Culture
nostalgia for the past
traditional values vs globalization
a) Cultural Impact
flow of pop culture: a threat to local culture
freedom of expression; a right in the West legitimized by constitutional authority
in other parts of world; censorship easily tolerated as a form of civic responcibility within a legitimate social framework
stereotyping imagery
b) Economic Impact
create partnership
recent years: 3 trading blocs: EU, NAFTA and Pacific Rim partners
difficult to have eco progress without having access to com systems
human brain power: create economic wealth today
V) Conclusion
digital tech led to losing privacy, security, etc and sovereignty
coming change: a brain power
Friday, November 23, 2007
Jihad Faroukhi
DR. Ibahrine
Global advertising and PR
I. Introduction
Newsom, Turk and Kruskeberg say that Public relations practitioners are intermediaries between the organizations they represent and all of their organizations’ publics
Advertising and PR becoming more global
Multiculturalism and technologies are changing communications
II. Brief History of Advertising and PR Worldwide
1. Western in origin
2. corporate in purpose
3. manipulative in role, function, and intenta Western in Origin?
1. advertising existed in Middle East as early as 3000 B.C.
2. not only 20th ct. phenomenon. German org. had one of the earliest internal pr departments in 1890
3. PR is more culturally-based than marketing or ad. and thus it is harder to conduct transnational PR
4. difference in Western PR (between an institution and its environment) and developing country PR (between material and nonmaterial aspects of culture)
5. Advertising tailored to indigenous cultures, not all ads are appropriate by all cultural standardsCorporate in Purpose?
1. accompanying the growth of large corporate institutions and enjoying the growth of consumerism as a global economic phenomenon
2. Global corporations are finding niche markets now rather than appealing to a mass global consumer population
3. U.S. gov and NGOs have long used advertising and PR as well
4. focus of corporations on “relationship marketing”Manipulative in Role, Function and Design?
1. true advertising aims to sell ideas and products but PR is more complex
2. PR can play an essential role in democratic society
3. “relationship marketing” and responsible corporate citizenshipDemocratic in Tradition?
1. suggests availability of consumer choice
2. places value on public opinion (inherent to democracy)Capitalistic in Heritage? True
III. Environmental Challenges, Population Growth, Poverty and Hunger, War“social marketing” can help alleviate and/or deal with these problems
IV. Tensions from Technology, Globalism, and Multiculturalism
1. Technology is the intervening variable affecting gobalism and multiculturamism
2. Governments, Corporations and Private
V. Nationalism versus Globalism
homogenous global culture vs. revamped nationalism
VI. Past vs. FutureTensions between modern and traditional societies as well as within traditional
VII. Tensions among the First, Second, and Third WorldEast-West tension diminishing but new divide between poor and rich
VIII. Class Stratificationsocial class issues remain in the 21st century, digital divide
IX. Control of TechnologyCitizens or corporations will control it?
X. An Ideological Foundation for Advertising and PRAd. and PR not a panacea for these problems but they can help.
a participation in culture
XI. ConclusionPR and Ad. can help International relations and communication but cannot cure all the problems facing a globalized world
DR. Ibahrine
Global advertising and PR
I. Introduction
Newsom, Turk and Kruskeberg say that Public relations practitioners are intermediaries between the organizations they represent and all of their organizations’ publics
Advertising and PR becoming more global
Multiculturalism and technologies are changing communications
II. Brief History of Advertising and PR Worldwide
1. Western in origin
2. corporate in purpose
3. manipulative in role, function, and intenta Western in Origin?
1. advertising existed in Middle East as early as 3000 B.C.
2. not only 20th ct. phenomenon. German org. had one of the earliest internal pr departments in 1890
3. PR is more culturally-based than marketing or ad. and thus it is harder to conduct transnational PR
4. difference in Western PR (between an institution and its environment) and developing country PR (between material and nonmaterial aspects of culture)
5. Advertising tailored to indigenous cultures, not all ads are appropriate by all cultural standardsCorporate in Purpose?
1. accompanying the growth of large corporate institutions and enjoying the growth of consumerism as a global economic phenomenon
2. Global corporations are finding niche markets now rather than appealing to a mass global consumer population
3. U.S. gov and NGOs have long used advertising and PR as well
4. focus of corporations on “relationship marketing”Manipulative in Role, Function and Design?
1. true advertising aims to sell ideas and products but PR is more complex
2. PR can play an essential role in democratic society
3. “relationship marketing” and responsible corporate citizenshipDemocratic in Tradition?
1. suggests availability of consumer choice
2. places value on public opinion (inherent to democracy)Capitalistic in Heritage? True
III. Environmental Challenges, Population Growth, Poverty and Hunger, War“social marketing” can help alleviate and/or deal with these problems
IV. Tensions from Technology, Globalism, and Multiculturalism
1. Technology is the intervening variable affecting gobalism and multiculturamism
2. Governments, Corporations and Private
V. Nationalism versus Globalism
homogenous global culture vs. revamped nationalism
VI. Past vs. FutureTensions between modern and traditional societies as well as within traditional
VII. Tensions among the First, Second, and Third WorldEast-West tension diminishing but new divide between poor and rich
VIII. Class Stratificationsocial class issues remain in the 21st century, digital divide
IX. Control of TechnologyCitizens or corporations will control it?
X. An Ideological Foundation for Advertising and PRAd. and PR not a panacea for these problems but they can help.
a participation in culture
XI. ConclusionPR and Ad. can help International relations and communication but cannot cure all the problems facing a globalized world
The Politics of Global Communication
I) The Three substantive domains
since the mid-19th cent, global com has developed into an important concern on the agenda of the international community
since the mid-19th cent, global com has developed into an important concern on the agenda of the international community
Developed rules of conduct
Telecommunications include data communication, intellectual property rights and mass media
The main issues in telecom involve: Accessibility, confidentiality, allocation
The beginings
some norms adopted include the protection of the secrecy of correspondence, the right of all nations to use international telegraphy, and the rejection of all liability for int telegraphy service
International property rights
- Convention Establishing a General Union for the Protection of the Rights of AUthors in their Literacy and Artistic Works.
- Ensure remuneration for an author by protecting his or her work agaisnt reproduction
spread of obscene publications across borders.
Mass Media
used as instrument of foreign diplomacy.
silent diplomacy vs public diplomacy
The New Multilateral Institutions
Post 1945, UN and multilateral policy coordination
Commission on Human Rights agaisnt discrimination
Specialized Agencies
important in com (ITU, UPU, UNESCO, WIPO, etc)
The Non Governmental Organizations
in post 1945 phase, a contribution was offered by a growing group of int NGOs.
Shifts in Global Com. Politics
Global governance determines space that national govs. have for independent policy making
Global com. defined by trade and market
Powerful private players significantiv.
Transnational corporations are prominent playersh.
The World Trade Organization
WTO
Free trade pushed, global comm. generates $1.6 trillion annually
II)Current Practices
Contemporary thoughti. Global comm. critical for development
Installation and upgrading of infrastructure is expensive
Private funding is needediv.
Question of how much competition will result or will monopolies prevail?
WTO Telecommunicaitons Treaty
Participating states need of liberalize to participate
Public Telecom transport service
Public telecom transport network
TRIPS protects econ rights of investors over moral/creative rights of individuals or cultural interests of public at largee.
Domain of Mass Media
Problem of oligopolies and cartels
Preference for anti-cartle legislation clashes with free market agenda- liberal claims vs. protectionism
III) Lessons from a key project in the domain of global mass media politics
New Intetrnational Information Order (NIIO) in the 1970s
Lack of participation of ordinary people and nonstate actors
IV) Global Communications Polticis Today
Access: Neoliberal focus on global consumer society vs. making sure people are literate so comm.. can promote democracy (humanitarian perspective)
Knowlegde: As a commodity vs. as a public good
Global advertising: Expansion vs. econological implications of global consuer society
Privacy: Data collection to profile consumers vs. privacy for citizense.
intellectual property rights: investors property vs. protecting communal property
Trade in culture: Culture as any other commodity vs. exemptions on culture from trade provisions to protect autonomy
Concentration: Business links vs. preventing mergers and oligopolies
The commons: Private exploitation vs. public property
Civil Advocacy: Humanitarian agenda and various lobbies
The World Summit on the Information Society: In 2001, third sponsored by UN
used as instrument of foreign diplomacy.
silent diplomacy vs public diplomacy
The New Multilateral Institutions
Post 1945, UN and multilateral policy coordination
Commission on Human Rights agaisnt discrimination
Specialized Agencies
important in com (ITU, UPU, UNESCO, WIPO, etc)
The Non Governmental Organizations
in post 1945 phase, a contribution was offered by a growing group of int NGOs.
Shifts in Global Com. Politics
Global governance determines space that national govs. have for independent policy making
Global com. defined by trade and market
Powerful private players significantiv.
Transnational corporations are prominent playersh.
The World Trade Organization
WTO
Free trade pushed, global comm. generates $1.6 trillion annually
II)Current Practices
Contemporary thoughti. Global comm. critical for development
Installation and upgrading of infrastructure is expensive
Private funding is needediv.
Question of how much competition will result or will monopolies prevail?
WTO Telecommunicaitons Treaty
Participating states need of liberalize to participate
Public Telecom transport service
Public telecom transport network
TRIPS protects econ rights of investors over moral/creative rights of individuals or cultural interests of public at largee.
Domain of Mass Media
Problem of oligopolies and cartels
Preference for anti-cartle legislation clashes with free market agenda- liberal claims vs. protectionism
III) Lessons from a key project in the domain of global mass media politics
New Intetrnational Information Order (NIIO) in the 1970s
Lack of participation of ordinary people and nonstate actors
IV) Global Communications Polticis Today
Access: Neoliberal focus on global consumer society vs. making sure people are literate so comm.. can promote democracy (humanitarian perspective)
Knowlegde: As a commodity vs. as a public good
Global advertising: Expansion vs. econological implications of global consuer society
Privacy: Data collection to profile consumers vs. privacy for citizense.
intellectual property rights: investors property vs. protecting communal property
Trade in culture: Culture as any other commodity vs. exemptions on culture from trade provisions to protect autonomy
Concentration: Business links vs. preventing mergers and oligopolies
The commons: Private exploitation vs. public property
Civil Advocacy: Humanitarian agenda and various lobbies
The World Summit on the Information Society: In 2001, third sponsored by UN
detailed outline of chapter 8
Jihad Faroukhi
Chapter 8
the Global implication of the internet: challenges and prospects
Convergence theory and cultural identity
Communication is a process of sharing information in which two or more participants reach mutual understanding.
The convergence model posits reduced within group variance to be the primary result of the communication process and a requirement for collective action and the achievement of social goals.
Cultural convergenge theory suggests that the variance between groups or national cultures would become smaller over time as a result of international communication.
Systems Approach and Social networks systems
Holism is better characterized by organizational structure, when an entity consisting of two or more basic parts, or people in communication with each other in which the outcome is something more or different than the sum of the parts (e.g., culture).
Definition of a system
“A system, then, is a set of things that affect one another within an environment and form a larger pattern that is different from any of he parts”
Social networks
Social network perspectives focus on the structure of social systems elements of a social system are put together
From the network perspective, social environment can be expressed as patterns or regularities in relationship among interacting units
These patterns are often called structure
Intercultural Communication
Intercultural communication concerns the linkages between Groups A and B that involve individuals a, b, and c
These links also include the mass media, telecommunications, including the Internet because the information that facilitates the understanding of Groups A and B is communicated via the mass media, either print or electronic
These linkages among different cultural groups have increased, resulting in globalization:
The process of strengthening the worldwide social relations that link distant localities in such a way that local events are shaped by circumstances at remote places in the world
Trans-border communication has opened cultural boundaries and began the process of cultural convergence
It has created a global community with an increasingly homogenous culture, particularly regarding political, economic, educational, and scientific activities, although in the area of religion this process has been much slower
the network structure of international internet
The Internet is one channel that directly connects people of different cultural and national groups from across the globe with one another
Information flows via the Internet may facilitate the convergence of national cultures, leading to a universal set of beliefs that includes a change from national to global identity
Chapter 8
the Global implication of the internet: challenges and prospects
Convergence theory and cultural identity
Communication is a process of sharing information in which two or more participants reach mutual understanding.
The convergence model posits reduced within group variance to be the primary result of the communication process and a requirement for collective action and the achievement of social goals.
Cultural convergenge theory suggests that the variance between groups or national cultures would become smaller over time as a result of international communication.
Systems Approach and Social networks systems
Holism is better characterized by organizational structure, when an entity consisting of two or more basic parts, or people in communication with each other in which the outcome is something more or different than the sum of the parts (e.g., culture).
Definition of a system
“A system, then, is a set of things that affect one another within an environment and form a larger pattern that is different from any of he parts”
Social networks
Social network perspectives focus on the structure of social systems elements of a social system are put together
From the network perspective, social environment can be expressed as patterns or regularities in relationship among interacting units
These patterns are often called structure
Intercultural Communication
Intercultural communication concerns the linkages between Groups A and B that involve individuals a, b, and c
These links also include the mass media, telecommunications, including the Internet because the information that facilitates the understanding of Groups A and B is communicated via the mass media, either print or electronic
These linkages among different cultural groups have increased, resulting in globalization:
The process of strengthening the worldwide social relations that link distant localities in such a way that local events are shaped by circumstances at remote places in the world
Trans-border communication has opened cultural boundaries and began the process of cultural convergence
It has created a global community with an increasingly homogenous culture, particularly regarding political, economic, educational, and scientific activities, although in the area of religion this process has been much slower
the network structure of international internet
The Internet is one channel that directly connects people of different cultural and national groups from across the globe with one another
Information flows via the Internet may facilitate the convergence of national cultures, leading to a universal set of beliefs that includes a change from national to global identity
Wednesday, November 21, 2007
detailed outline of chapter 9: Milestones in communication and national development
jihad Faroukhi
Dr. Ibahrine
I. Post World War Two Realities
2. socialization- an environment which supports positive social change
III.Communication for Development
most theories emerged out of the modernization paradigm-Everett Roger's A History of Communication Study (1994)
a. Southeastern Ohio, problems with unemployment, obesity, and environmental degradation-coal mining; logging-participatory and sustainable
b. The Caribbean Community-problems with disease (dengue, malaria)-PAHO, CANA
IV. The Modernization Model
1. Public Awareness Campaigns-PSAs (Public Service Announcements)health, wellness, M.A.D.D
2. Social Marketing-reproductive health, immunization, and childhood diseases
3. Entertainment Education-HIV/AIDS prevention-domestic violence-New Life, New Hope
4. Advocacy-stakeholders in development process who promote interventions by reporting on positive experiences and benefits-Arab Women Speak Out
Dr. Ibahrine
I. Post World War Two Realities
- increased birth rate and infant mortality rates
- Marshall Plan apply a similar model to conditions in Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean-spheres of influenceability of powerful states to impose their will on other states through economic, cultural, and military means.
- UN has played a major role in development of the field of communication for development
- a complex, integrated, participatory process involving stakeholders and beneficiaries and aimed at improving quality of human life.
- stakeholders include national gov. and politicians, development assistance agencies (USAID), private sector, NGOs, and cultural leaders-Andrew Moemeka (2000): Comm. for development has two roles:
2. socialization- an environment which supports positive social change
III.Communication for Development
most theories emerged out of the modernization paradigm-Everett Roger's A History of Communication Study (1994)
a. Southeastern Ohio, problems with unemployment, obesity, and environmental degradation-coal mining; logging-participatory and sustainable
b. The Caribbean Community-problems with disease (dengue, malaria)-PAHO, CANA
IV. The Modernization Model
- dominant paradigm (modernization model)-dependency paradigm (dependency critique)-alternative paradigm (another development, participatory model)
- UNDP, UNICEF-DEVELOPMENT SUPPORT COMMUNICATION-Childers (1973)
- "use of communication techniques to elicit voluntary and active participation of people in development planning and action"
- Dependency Critique
- Wallerstein, Frank, Prebischglobal economic relations are dominated by the global North, therefore contributing to the underdevelopment of the developing world.
- development sabotage communication
1. Public Awareness Campaigns-PSAs (Public Service Announcements)health, wellness, M.A.D.D
2. Social Marketing-reproductive health, immunization, and childhood diseases
3. Entertainment Education-HIV/AIDS prevention-domestic violence-New Life, New Hope
4. Advocacy-stakeholders in development process who promote interventions by reporting on positive experiences and benefits-Arab Women Speak Out
Assignment # 4
Karen P. Hughes is the Under Secretary of Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs. she was appointment in July 29, 2005. Huges played a very important role communicating with foreign publics and confronting ideological support for terrorism. under her administration Hughes worked very hard to make public diplomacy a national security priority that is now viewed as central to the work of America’s diplomats worldwide. She expanded public diplomacy and international communications programs.
Unfortunatly, Hughes Announced her decision to leave the department in mid-December 2007. i think that she has resigned because she was anable to work under the actual circamstances. i think that with what is happening in the world nowadays made her unable to change the image of the USA all over the world, which was her most important role in the state departemnt. according to Hughes "improving the world's view of the United States is a long-term challenge that will outlast her. i think that she Prefereed to leave her job instead of loosing her credebility although she had done a great job concerning international communication especialy with the Arab and Muslim world.
Definitions:
Soft Power:
Propaganda: the use of communication channels, through known persuasive or manipulative techniques, in an attempt to shape or alter public opinion
In International Communication, it is used in three ways:
1.Government leaders use it to shape public opinion
2.Influence matters abroad
3.Nongovernmental entities use it to sway public opinion or affect public policy formation
Unfortunatly, Hughes Announced her decision to leave the department in mid-December 2007. i think that she has resigned because she was anable to work under the actual circamstances. i think that with what is happening in the world nowadays made her unable to change the image of the USA all over the world, which was her most important role in the state departemnt. according to Hughes "improving the world's view of the United States is a long-term challenge that will outlast her. i think that she Prefereed to leave her job instead of loosing her credebility although she had done a great job concerning international communication especialy with the Arab and Muslim world.
Definitions:
Soft Power:
- "Soft power is the ability to get what you want by attracting and persuading others to adopt your goals. It differs from hard power, the ability to use the carrots and sticks of economic and military might to make others follow your will" h(http://www.ksg.harvard.edu/news/opeds/2003/nye_soft_power_iht_011003.htm)
- "Soft power rests on the ability to shape the preferences of others. In the business world, smart executives know that leadership is not just a matter of issuing commands, but also involves leading by example and attracting others to do what you want. Similarly, contemporary practices of community-based policing rely on making the police sufficiently friendly and attractive that a community wants to help them achieve shared objectives" (http://hbswk.hbs.edu/archive/4290.html).
Public diplomacy: Public diplomacy is defined as “government-sponsored programs intended to inform or influence public opinion in other countries; its chief instruments are publications, motion pictures, cultural exchanges, radio and television”(U.S. Department of State, Dictionary of International Relations
Propaganda: the use of communication channels, through known persuasive or manipulative techniques, in an attempt to shape or alter public opinion
In International Communication, it is used in three ways:
1.Government leaders use it to shape public opinion
2.Influence matters abroad
3.Nongovernmental entities use it to sway public opinion or affect public policy formation
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