jihad faroukhi
dr.ibahrine
chapter 14: Patterns in global Communication: prospects and concerns
I)Introduction
At end of 20th Cent, USA Congress passed a Laissez-faire Communication (new world order for media around the world)
This was not a sign of democratization
content control was always held within state bureacracies or by the citizen-owners of the nation
media cartels have been formed to secure capital or dominate marketplace
information revolution seems to have come to an end or the very least a maturation
II) the Status of Infrastructure in the Com. Industry
information revolution called by some writers 'the com. age' or the 'era of new media'
Nicholas Negroponte calls it 'digital revolution'
wireless ind., ahieved through use of global satellites
a) the Global Satellite System
1965, Geosynchronous satellite (GEO) could handle only 240 voice circuit at a time
now: 40% of voice traffic
b) Asia-Pacific Rim
satellite established to serve Asian Pacific region
ex: AsiaSat, Insat, KoreaSat, Palapa, etc
New bus. development ('soft alliance')
Hybrid network: combines both space and terrestrial connections to deliver customer signals efficiently and economically
c) The Middle-East
progress through selling broadband internet access by satellite and DBS
ArabSat: ME most important service providers
d) Africa
with exception of some major cties, Africa's terrestrial com infrastructure is scarce at best and non existant at worst
new GSM installation (growing) in africa
3 million users of Internet in africa (having a pop of 700 million)
e) Europe
pioneer in the field of DBS and DTG transmission services
Eutelsat important
f) South America
Latin America is sustained by a variety of Trans-Atlantic Satellites, including Intelsat and PanAmSat, and thakns to the continent deregulation of the telecom sector
Argentina: region's satellite sector
g) North America
WTO agreement opened up the telecom market and formation of a Pan-American market for satellite services has emerged
US and Latin America operators form partnerships
USA monopolizes north american satellite market
second and third generation tech implemented
h) Global Internet Services
preeminent economies such as the ones of USA, Can, Japan, etc have perfected sophisticated fiber-optic telephone
USA becomes the 1st fully integrated digital telecom in world
base economies (developing countries relying on foreign aid)
Expectant economy
III) Privacy and Information Warfare
'the evil incident to invasion of the privacy of the telephone is far geater than that involved in tampering with the mails'
FBI capturing info of all kinds
a) Gov intrusion
Surveillance system called Echelon: under covenant UKUSA, observe and anallyze telephone, fax, email and Internet com
employs special computer program such as 'dictionary'
FIDNET: against terrorism
b) Int Information Warfare
spread of computer viruses, terrorists using propaganda
c) Int Debate concerning Free Access to New Media
In many expectant and base economies, info cannot be freely exchanged via Internet
media censorship in some Arab countries
IV) Global Economics, Transnational media, and Vanishing Culture
nostalgia for the past
traditional values vs globalization
a) Cultural Impact
flow of pop culture: a threat to local culture
freedom of expression; a right in the West legitimized by constitutional authority
in other parts of world; censorship easily tolerated as a form of civic responcibility within a legitimate social framework
stereotyping imagery
b) Economic Impact
create partnership
recent years: 3 trading blocs: EU, NAFTA and Pacific Rim partners
difficult to have eco progress without having access to com systems
human brain power: create economic wealth today
V) Conclusion
digital tech led to losing privacy, security, etc and sovereignty
coming change: a brain power
Friday, November 23, 2007
Jihad Faroukhi
DR. Ibahrine
Global advertising and PR
I. Introduction
Newsom, Turk and Kruskeberg say that Public relations practitioners are intermediaries between the organizations they represent and all of their organizations’ publics
Advertising and PR becoming more global
Multiculturalism and technologies are changing communications
II. Brief History of Advertising and PR Worldwide
1. Western in origin
2. corporate in purpose
3. manipulative in role, function, and intenta Western in Origin?
1. advertising existed in Middle East as early as 3000 B.C.
2. not only 20th ct. phenomenon. German org. had one of the earliest internal pr departments in 1890
3. PR is more culturally-based than marketing or ad. and thus it is harder to conduct transnational PR
4. difference in Western PR (between an institution and its environment) and developing country PR (between material and nonmaterial aspects of culture)
5. Advertising tailored to indigenous cultures, not all ads are appropriate by all cultural standardsCorporate in Purpose?
1. accompanying the growth of large corporate institutions and enjoying the growth of consumerism as a global economic phenomenon
2. Global corporations are finding niche markets now rather than appealing to a mass global consumer population
3. U.S. gov and NGOs have long used advertising and PR as well
4. focus of corporations on “relationship marketing”Manipulative in Role, Function and Design?
1. true advertising aims to sell ideas and products but PR is more complex
2. PR can play an essential role in democratic society
3. “relationship marketing” and responsible corporate citizenshipDemocratic in Tradition?
1. suggests availability of consumer choice
2. places value on public opinion (inherent to democracy)Capitalistic in Heritage? True
III. Environmental Challenges, Population Growth, Poverty and Hunger, War“social marketing” can help alleviate and/or deal with these problems
IV. Tensions from Technology, Globalism, and Multiculturalism
1. Technology is the intervening variable affecting gobalism and multiculturamism
2. Governments, Corporations and Private
V. Nationalism versus Globalism
homogenous global culture vs. revamped nationalism
VI. Past vs. FutureTensions between modern and traditional societies as well as within traditional
VII. Tensions among the First, Second, and Third WorldEast-West tension diminishing but new divide between poor and rich
VIII. Class Stratificationsocial class issues remain in the 21st century, digital divide
IX. Control of TechnologyCitizens or corporations will control it?
X. An Ideological Foundation for Advertising and PRAd. and PR not a panacea for these problems but they can help.
a participation in culture
XI. ConclusionPR and Ad. can help International relations and communication but cannot cure all the problems facing a globalized world
DR. Ibahrine
Global advertising and PR
I. Introduction
Newsom, Turk and Kruskeberg say that Public relations practitioners are intermediaries between the organizations they represent and all of their organizations’ publics
Advertising and PR becoming more global
Multiculturalism and technologies are changing communications
II. Brief History of Advertising and PR Worldwide
1. Western in origin
2. corporate in purpose
3. manipulative in role, function, and intenta Western in Origin?
1. advertising existed in Middle East as early as 3000 B.C.
2. not only 20th ct. phenomenon. German org. had one of the earliest internal pr departments in 1890
3. PR is more culturally-based than marketing or ad. and thus it is harder to conduct transnational PR
4. difference in Western PR (between an institution and its environment) and developing country PR (between material and nonmaterial aspects of culture)
5. Advertising tailored to indigenous cultures, not all ads are appropriate by all cultural standardsCorporate in Purpose?
1. accompanying the growth of large corporate institutions and enjoying the growth of consumerism as a global economic phenomenon
2. Global corporations are finding niche markets now rather than appealing to a mass global consumer population
3. U.S. gov and NGOs have long used advertising and PR as well
4. focus of corporations on “relationship marketing”Manipulative in Role, Function and Design?
1. true advertising aims to sell ideas and products but PR is more complex
2. PR can play an essential role in democratic society
3. “relationship marketing” and responsible corporate citizenshipDemocratic in Tradition?
1. suggests availability of consumer choice
2. places value on public opinion (inherent to democracy)Capitalistic in Heritage? True
III. Environmental Challenges, Population Growth, Poverty and Hunger, War“social marketing” can help alleviate and/or deal with these problems
IV. Tensions from Technology, Globalism, and Multiculturalism
1. Technology is the intervening variable affecting gobalism and multiculturamism
2. Governments, Corporations and Private
V. Nationalism versus Globalism
homogenous global culture vs. revamped nationalism
VI. Past vs. FutureTensions between modern and traditional societies as well as within traditional
VII. Tensions among the First, Second, and Third WorldEast-West tension diminishing but new divide between poor and rich
VIII. Class Stratificationsocial class issues remain in the 21st century, digital divide
IX. Control of TechnologyCitizens or corporations will control it?
X. An Ideological Foundation for Advertising and PRAd. and PR not a panacea for these problems but they can help.
a participation in culture
XI. ConclusionPR and Ad. can help International relations and communication but cannot cure all the problems facing a globalized world
The Politics of Global Communication
I) The Three substantive domains
since the mid-19th cent, global com has developed into an important concern on the agenda of the international community
since the mid-19th cent, global com has developed into an important concern on the agenda of the international community
Developed rules of conduct
Telecommunications include data communication, intellectual property rights and mass media
The main issues in telecom involve: Accessibility, confidentiality, allocation
The beginings
some norms adopted include the protection of the secrecy of correspondence, the right of all nations to use international telegraphy, and the rejection of all liability for int telegraphy service
International property rights
- Convention Establishing a General Union for the Protection of the Rights of AUthors in their Literacy and Artistic Works.
- Ensure remuneration for an author by protecting his or her work agaisnt reproduction
spread of obscene publications across borders.
Mass Media
used as instrument of foreign diplomacy.
silent diplomacy vs public diplomacy
The New Multilateral Institutions
Post 1945, UN and multilateral policy coordination
Commission on Human Rights agaisnt discrimination
Specialized Agencies
important in com (ITU, UPU, UNESCO, WIPO, etc)
The Non Governmental Organizations
in post 1945 phase, a contribution was offered by a growing group of int NGOs.
Shifts in Global Com. Politics
Global governance determines space that national govs. have for independent policy making
Global com. defined by trade and market
Powerful private players significantiv.
Transnational corporations are prominent playersh.
The World Trade Organization
WTO
Free trade pushed, global comm. generates $1.6 trillion annually
II)Current Practices
Contemporary thoughti. Global comm. critical for development
Installation and upgrading of infrastructure is expensive
Private funding is needediv.
Question of how much competition will result or will monopolies prevail?
WTO Telecommunicaitons Treaty
Participating states need of liberalize to participate
Public Telecom transport service
Public telecom transport network
TRIPS protects econ rights of investors over moral/creative rights of individuals or cultural interests of public at largee.
Domain of Mass Media
Problem of oligopolies and cartels
Preference for anti-cartle legislation clashes with free market agenda- liberal claims vs. protectionism
III) Lessons from a key project in the domain of global mass media politics
New Intetrnational Information Order (NIIO) in the 1970s
Lack of participation of ordinary people and nonstate actors
IV) Global Communications Polticis Today
Access: Neoliberal focus on global consumer society vs. making sure people are literate so comm.. can promote democracy (humanitarian perspective)
Knowlegde: As a commodity vs. as a public good
Global advertising: Expansion vs. econological implications of global consuer society
Privacy: Data collection to profile consumers vs. privacy for citizense.
intellectual property rights: investors property vs. protecting communal property
Trade in culture: Culture as any other commodity vs. exemptions on culture from trade provisions to protect autonomy
Concentration: Business links vs. preventing mergers and oligopolies
The commons: Private exploitation vs. public property
Civil Advocacy: Humanitarian agenda and various lobbies
The World Summit on the Information Society: In 2001, third sponsored by UN
used as instrument of foreign diplomacy.
silent diplomacy vs public diplomacy
The New Multilateral Institutions
Post 1945, UN and multilateral policy coordination
Commission on Human Rights agaisnt discrimination
Specialized Agencies
important in com (ITU, UPU, UNESCO, WIPO, etc)
The Non Governmental Organizations
in post 1945 phase, a contribution was offered by a growing group of int NGOs.
Shifts in Global Com. Politics
Global governance determines space that national govs. have for independent policy making
Global com. defined by trade and market
Powerful private players significantiv.
Transnational corporations are prominent playersh.
The World Trade Organization
WTO
Free trade pushed, global comm. generates $1.6 trillion annually
II)Current Practices
Contemporary thoughti. Global comm. critical for development
Installation and upgrading of infrastructure is expensive
Private funding is needediv.
Question of how much competition will result or will monopolies prevail?
WTO Telecommunicaitons Treaty
Participating states need of liberalize to participate
Public Telecom transport service
Public telecom transport network
TRIPS protects econ rights of investors over moral/creative rights of individuals or cultural interests of public at largee.
Domain of Mass Media
Problem of oligopolies and cartels
Preference for anti-cartle legislation clashes with free market agenda- liberal claims vs. protectionism
III) Lessons from a key project in the domain of global mass media politics
New Intetrnational Information Order (NIIO) in the 1970s
Lack of participation of ordinary people and nonstate actors
IV) Global Communications Polticis Today
Access: Neoliberal focus on global consumer society vs. making sure people are literate so comm.. can promote democracy (humanitarian perspective)
Knowlegde: As a commodity vs. as a public good
Global advertising: Expansion vs. econological implications of global consuer society
Privacy: Data collection to profile consumers vs. privacy for citizense.
intellectual property rights: investors property vs. protecting communal property
Trade in culture: Culture as any other commodity vs. exemptions on culture from trade provisions to protect autonomy
Concentration: Business links vs. preventing mergers and oligopolies
The commons: Private exploitation vs. public property
Civil Advocacy: Humanitarian agenda and various lobbies
The World Summit on the Information Society: In 2001, third sponsored by UN
detailed outline of chapter 8
Jihad Faroukhi
Chapter 8
the Global implication of the internet: challenges and prospects
Convergence theory and cultural identity
Communication is a process of sharing information in which two or more participants reach mutual understanding.
The convergence model posits reduced within group variance to be the primary result of the communication process and a requirement for collective action and the achievement of social goals.
Cultural convergenge theory suggests that the variance between groups or national cultures would become smaller over time as a result of international communication.
Systems Approach and Social networks systems
Holism is better characterized by organizational structure, when an entity consisting of two or more basic parts, or people in communication with each other in which the outcome is something more or different than the sum of the parts (e.g., culture).
Definition of a system
“A system, then, is a set of things that affect one another within an environment and form a larger pattern that is different from any of he parts”
Social networks
Social network perspectives focus on the structure of social systems elements of a social system are put together
From the network perspective, social environment can be expressed as patterns or regularities in relationship among interacting units
These patterns are often called structure
Intercultural Communication
Intercultural communication concerns the linkages between Groups A and B that involve individuals a, b, and c
These links also include the mass media, telecommunications, including the Internet because the information that facilitates the understanding of Groups A and B is communicated via the mass media, either print or electronic
These linkages among different cultural groups have increased, resulting in globalization:
The process of strengthening the worldwide social relations that link distant localities in such a way that local events are shaped by circumstances at remote places in the world
Trans-border communication has opened cultural boundaries and began the process of cultural convergence
It has created a global community with an increasingly homogenous culture, particularly regarding political, economic, educational, and scientific activities, although in the area of religion this process has been much slower
the network structure of international internet
The Internet is one channel that directly connects people of different cultural and national groups from across the globe with one another
Information flows via the Internet may facilitate the convergence of national cultures, leading to a universal set of beliefs that includes a change from national to global identity
Chapter 8
the Global implication of the internet: challenges and prospects
Convergence theory and cultural identity
Communication is a process of sharing information in which two or more participants reach mutual understanding.
The convergence model posits reduced within group variance to be the primary result of the communication process and a requirement for collective action and the achievement of social goals.
Cultural convergenge theory suggests that the variance between groups or national cultures would become smaller over time as a result of international communication.
Systems Approach and Social networks systems
Holism is better characterized by organizational structure, when an entity consisting of two or more basic parts, or people in communication with each other in which the outcome is something more or different than the sum of the parts (e.g., culture).
Definition of a system
“A system, then, is a set of things that affect one another within an environment and form a larger pattern that is different from any of he parts”
Social networks
Social network perspectives focus on the structure of social systems elements of a social system are put together
From the network perspective, social environment can be expressed as patterns or regularities in relationship among interacting units
These patterns are often called structure
Intercultural Communication
Intercultural communication concerns the linkages between Groups A and B that involve individuals a, b, and c
These links also include the mass media, telecommunications, including the Internet because the information that facilitates the understanding of Groups A and B is communicated via the mass media, either print or electronic
These linkages among different cultural groups have increased, resulting in globalization:
The process of strengthening the worldwide social relations that link distant localities in such a way that local events are shaped by circumstances at remote places in the world
Trans-border communication has opened cultural boundaries and began the process of cultural convergence
It has created a global community with an increasingly homogenous culture, particularly regarding political, economic, educational, and scientific activities, although in the area of religion this process has been much slower
the network structure of international internet
The Internet is one channel that directly connects people of different cultural and national groups from across the globe with one another
Information flows via the Internet may facilitate the convergence of national cultures, leading to a universal set of beliefs that includes a change from national to global identity
Wednesday, November 21, 2007
detailed outline of chapter 9: Milestones in communication and national development
jihad Faroukhi
Dr. Ibahrine
I. Post World War Two Realities
2. socialization- an environment which supports positive social change
III.Communication for Development
most theories emerged out of the modernization paradigm-Everett Roger's A History of Communication Study (1994)
a. Southeastern Ohio, problems with unemployment, obesity, and environmental degradation-coal mining; logging-participatory and sustainable
b. The Caribbean Community-problems with disease (dengue, malaria)-PAHO, CANA
IV. The Modernization Model
1. Public Awareness Campaigns-PSAs (Public Service Announcements)health, wellness, M.A.D.D
2. Social Marketing-reproductive health, immunization, and childhood diseases
3. Entertainment Education-HIV/AIDS prevention-domestic violence-New Life, New Hope
4. Advocacy-stakeholders in development process who promote interventions by reporting on positive experiences and benefits-Arab Women Speak Out
Dr. Ibahrine
I. Post World War Two Realities
- increased birth rate and infant mortality rates
- Marshall Plan apply a similar model to conditions in Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean-spheres of influenceability of powerful states to impose their will on other states through economic, cultural, and military means.
- UN has played a major role in development of the field of communication for development
- a complex, integrated, participatory process involving stakeholders and beneficiaries and aimed at improving quality of human life.
- stakeholders include national gov. and politicians, development assistance agencies (USAID), private sector, NGOs, and cultural leaders-Andrew Moemeka (2000): Comm. for development has two roles:
2. socialization- an environment which supports positive social change
III.Communication for Development
most theories emerged out of the modernization paradigm-Everett Roger's A History of Communication Study (1994)
a. Southeastern Ohio, problems with unemployment, obesity, and environmental degradation-coal mining; logging-participatory and sustainable
b. The Caribbean Community-problems with disease (dengue, malaria)-PAHO, CANA
IV. The Modernization Model
- dominant paradigm (modernization model)-dependency paradigm (dependency critique)-alternative paradigm (another development, participatory model)
- UNDP, UNICEF-DEVELOPMENT SUPPORT COMMUNICATION-Childers (1973)
- "use of communication techniques to elicit voluntary and active participation of people in development planning and action"
- Dependency Critique
- Wallerstein, Frank, Prebischglobal economic relations are dominated by the global North, therefore contributing to the underdevelopment of the developing world.
- development sabotage communication
1. Public Awareness Campaigns-PSAs (Public Service Announcements)health, wellness, M.A.D.D
2. Social Marketing-reproductive health, immunization, and childhood diseases
3. Entertainment Education-HIV/AIDS prevention-domestic violence-New Life, New Hope
4. Advocacy-stakeholders in development process who promote interventions by reporting on positive experiences and benefits-Arab Women Speak Out
Assignment # 4
Karen P. Hughes is the Under Secretary of Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs. she was appointment in July 29, 2005. Huges played a very important role communicating with foreign publics and confronting ideological support for terrorism. under her administration Hughes worked very hard to make public diplomacy a national security priority that is now viewed as central to the work of America’s diplomats worldwide. She expanded public diplomacy and international communications programs.
Unfortunatly, Hughes Announced her decision to leave the department in mid-December 2007. i think that she has resigned because she was anable to work under the actual circamstances. i think that with what is happening in the world nowadays made her unable to change the image of the USA all over the world, which was her most important role in the state departemnt. according to Hughes "improving the world's view of the United States is a long-term challenge that will outlast her. i think that she Prefereed to leave her job instead of loosing her credebility although she had done a great job concerning international communication especialy with the Arab and Muslim world.
Definitions:
Soft Power:
Propaganda: the use of communication channels, through known persuasive or manipulative techniques, in an attempt to shape or alter public opinion
In International Communication, it is used in three ways:
1.Government leaders use it to shape public opinion
2.Influence matters abroad
3.Nongovernmental entities use it to sway public opinion or affect public policy formation
Unfortunatly, Hughes Announced her decision to leave the department in mid-December 2007. i think that she has resigned because she was anable to work under the actual circamstances. i think that with what is happening in the world nowadays made her unable to change the image of the USA all over the world, which was her most important role in the state departemnt. according to Hughes "improving the world's view of the United States is a long-term challenge that will outlast her. i think that she Prefereed to leave her job instead of loosing her credebility although she had done a great job concerning international communication especialy with the Arab and Muslim world.
Definitions:
Soft Power:
- "Soft power is the ability to get what you want by attracting and persuading others to adopt your goals. It differs from hard power, the ability to use the carrots and sticks of economic and military might to make others follow your will" h(http://www.ksg.harvard.edu/news/opeds/2003/nye_soft_power_iht_011003.htm)
- "Soft power rests on the ability to shape the preferences of others. In the business world, smart executives know that leadership is not just a matter of issuing commands, but also involves leading by example and attracting others to do what you want. Similarly, contemporary practices of community-based policing rely on making the police sufficiently friendly and attractive that a community wants to help them achieve shared objectives" (http://hbswk.hbs.edu/archive/4290.html).
Public diplomacy: Public diplomacy is defined as “government-sponsored programs intended to inform or influence public opinion in other countries; its chief instruments are publications, motion pictures, cultural exchanges, radio and television”(U.S. Department of State, Dictionary of International Relations
Propaganda: the use of communication channels, through known persuasive or manipulative techniques, in an attempt to shape or alter public opinion
In International Communication, it is used in three ways:
1.Government leaders use it to shape public opinion
2.Influence matters abroad
3.Nongovernmental entities use it to sway public opinion or affect public policy formation
Thursday, November 1, 2007
Third Assingement:Bridging Africa's digital
"It's wonderful to have connection to internet, to have access to world's body of education"
In this article Craig Barrett is explaining the importance that a well skilled teacher in technology have in educating his/her students. He explained that having qualified teachers inside a school is much important and crucial than anything else.
he added that intel is doing its best to help teachers all around the world to be well trained and skilled in how to use technology effectivly inside the classrooms.
However, in Africa the traning needs a lot of energy and resources which too much for a single company to do. In addition to that in Africa there is a lack in the broadband capability which retards the access of the internet. on the other hand, Barret talked about havinga submarine cable in order to have broadband infrastructure that crosses national boundaries (from Africa to USA).
I think that having submarine cable is very helpfull for African countries to develop their economic and social systems. This can be done through education and making the access to information and knowledge very easy. I think that access to internet is still a challenge in many less Developed countries in Africa and government should cooperate in order to give citizens the opportunity to have rapid and easy access to information. I beleive that its is time for African governments to put their efforts together and as the author said "getting people aligned, different agendas and priorities on the same page".
Tuesday, October 23, 2007
deatailed outline :chapter 13
I. What is Culture?
a. Culture
i. Commonly used term
ii. What is means to be a human, all our culture summed up
iii. “one of the two or three most complicated words in the English language” Raymond Williams
iv. “pop culture”- culture as a way of life
v. Human culture
vi. national culture
1. Media play key role in national culture
2. media transmit stories, images, ideas
II. Cultural Industries
a. Cultural Industries- term coined in 1947 in Dialectic of Enlightenment by Adorno and Horkheimer of Frankfurt school
i. Based on their Critical Theory (Marxist approach)
ii. Defn- “products which are tailored for consumption by masses, and which to a great extent determine the nature of that consumption, are more or less manufactured according to plan.”
iii. Media play role in ideological justification of capitalists class divisions and social control
iv. Today, cultural industries does not have negative connotation- UNESCO describes cultural ind. as “important national economic resources that allow expressions of creativity to be copies and boosted by the industrial process and worldwide distribution.”
b. Other Cultural Groupings
i. All organizations have cultures (businesses etc.)
III. Transmission of Culture
a. Culture must be learned
i. “ an historically transmitted pattern of meanings embodied in symbols, a system of inherited conceptions expressed by symbolic forms by means of which men communicate, perpetuate, and develop their knowledge about and attitudes toward life” –Clifford Geertz
ii. Language is the primary medium to transmit cultureb. Benedict Anderson and Imagined Communitiesi. Through print capitalism (18th ct.) ppl. came to believe they share a culture with ppl. they may have never met
c. Families and news cultural transmitters
i. Families used to be primary means of cultural socialization pre-radio/TV aged. Languages and culture
i. Small linguistic communities (Ex- Quebec) vulnerable to dominant language cultural influence and loss
ii. English language media available globally
IV. How the West Dominates in Production of Culturea. U.S. produces more cultural exports, big influencei. Herbert Schiller and Mass Communication and the American Empire (1969)
1. U.S.’s military-industrial complex using TV and films to obtain world dominance in culture
ii. Nordenstreng and Varis study
iii. U.S. has one way flow to the world dominated by entertainment
iv. Based on history- U.S. industrialized and developed these industries first
v. However India makes more films (1000 per year) but exports less to int’l mkt.
vi. other studies have been done on U.S. “cultural imperialismb. Are ppl. personally affected by U.S. cultural exports?
i. Tomilson- no agent to blame, simply global capitalismii. Difficulty to measureiii. Tentative conclusion – audiences are more critical and assertive than critical theory believes. People retain many local cultural values.
1. Marian Bredin- “power or media to bring cultural change to an ethnic group is quite limited”
V. What do Cultures do to Defend Their Autonomy?
a. Countries with large home mkts have advantage because they can cover costs at home and make profits abroad. Small countries could not afford to do so
.b. Protectionsi. Quotas
1. EU policy, 1989, “Television without Frontiers”
a. TV stations in EU countries should devote more than 50% of their schedule to European programs
b. France’s protectionism
i. No more than 40% of films can come from outside Europe
ii. Has even blocked PBS
c. U.S. thinks cultural exports should be treated like any other good, free market
ii. Subsidies
1. U.S. opposes
2. EU trying to subsidize but EU films still not very popular in EU mkt.
3. Italy- first foreign film to win an Oscar for best pic. was Life is Beautiful in 1998, film industry has since decline
4. EU’s MEDIA (Measures for Economic Development of the Audiovisual Industry) to stimulate EU film ind.
iii. Regional Alliances including Coproductions
1. MEDIA is regional alliance
2. countries share resources- actors, production, etc
3. reach larger market and have larger cultural appeal
4. India and Canada have an agreement
5. UNESCO- 100 European, Latin American, Asian, African nations agreed to allow state subsidies and taxes an imported cultural ind.
a. U.S., Japan, India, and Mexico opposed
iv. Adaptations- buying rights to a show/film and changing language an/or setting to fit local culture
1. Ex- Superstar (British)àAmerican Idol (U.S.) à Superstar (Lebanon)
àIndian Idol (India)
v. Resistance
1. producing and exporting products about one’s culturea. Ex- Brazil and TV Globo
b. Ex- Kayapo Indians in Amazon, documenting their culture and traditions on film
2. also showing original language/cultural media in home
a. Punjabi families in London
3. BBC recognized this market
a. BBC One- black audience
b. Caters to South Asian community also
4. Canada
a. Bill C-55 (1999) makes it illegal for Canadian businesses to advertise in magazines intended for U.S. mkt.
b. Many U.S. films (91% of box office), magazines (4 out of 5), TV in Canada due to shared language and 2000 mile border
VI. Not all Pop Culture is American
a. Audiences prefer local cultures
i. India, Japan, Brazil, Russia- local TV production is 70-96% of market
b. Music
i. Germany is world’s third largest mkt after U.S. and Japan
ii. Latin American artists popular in U.S. and globally
iii. Musical Comedy
1. British musicals
a. Phantom of the Opera, Joseph and the Technicolor Dreamcoat, Les Miserables, Jesus Christ Superstar, Spamalot
iv. Publishing in U.S.1. Random House owned by German co. Bertelsmann
2. Harper-Collins owned by Rupert Murdoch (Australian)
VII. Role of Journalists in Production of Culture
a. Goal of objectivity unrealistic
b. Herbert Gans, study of CBS, NBC, Newsweek, Timei. “enduring value are built into news judgments, as a result most values and opinions enter unconsciously”
1. eight value clusters- ethnocentrism, altruistic democracy, responsible capitalism, small-town pastoralism, individualism, moderation, social order, national leadership
c. News formats transmitted across cultures to other news organizations- CNN influences news formats globally
a. Culture
i. Commonly used term
ii. What is means to be a human, all our culture summed up
iii. “one of the two or three most complicated words in the English language” Raymond Williams
iv. “pop culture”- culture as a way of life
v. Human culture
vi. national culture
1. Media play key role in national culture
2. media transmit stories, images, ideas
II. Cultural Industries
a. Cultural Industries- term coined in 1947 in Dialectic of Enlightenment by Adorno and Horkheimer of Frankfurt school
i. Based on their Critical Theory (Marxist approach)
ii. Defn- “products which are tailored for consumption by masses, and which to a great extent determine the nature of that consumption, are more or less manufactured according to plan.”
iii. Media play role in ideological justification of capitalists class divisions and social control
iv. Today, cultural industries does not have negative connotation- UNESCO describes cultural ind. as “important national economic resources that allow expressions of creativity to be copies and boosted by the industrial process and worldwide distribution.”
b. Other Cultural Groupings
i. All organizations have cultures (businesses etc.)
III. Transmission of Culture
a. Culture must be learned
i. “ an historically transmitted pattern of meanings embodied in symbols, a system of inherited conceptions expressed by symbolic forms by means of which men communicate, perpetuate, and develop their knowledge about and attitudes toward life” –Clifford Geertz
ii. Language is the primary medium to transmit cultureb. Benedict Anderson and Imagined Communitiesi. Through print capitalism (18th ct.) ppl. came to believe they share a culture with ppl. they may have never met
c. Families and news cultural transmitters
i. Families used to be primary means of cultural socialization pre-radio/TV aged. Languages and culture
i. Small linguistic communities (Ex- Quebec) vulnerable to dominant language cultural influence and loss
ii. English language media available globally
IV. How the West Dominates in Production of Culturea. U.S. produces more cultural exports, big influencei. Herbert Schiller and Mass Communication and the American Empire (1969)
1. U.S.’s military-industrial complex using TV and films to obtain world dominance in culture
ii. Nordenstreng and Varis study
iii. U.S. has one way flow to the world dominated by entertainment
iv. Based on history- U.S. industrialized and developed these industries first
v. However India makes more films (1000 per year) but exports less to int’l mkt.
vi. other studies have been done on U.S. “cultural imperialismb. Are ppl. personally affected by U.S. cultural exports?
i. Tomilson- no agent to blame, simply global capitalismii. Difficulty to measureiii. Tentative conclusion – audiences are more critical and assertive than critical theory believes. People retain many local cultural values.
1. Marian Bredin- “power or media to bring cultural change to an ethnic group is quite limited”
V. What do Cultures do to Defend Their Autonomy?
a. Countries with large home mkts have advantage because they can cover costs at home and make profits abroad. Small countries could not afford to do so
.b. Protectionsi. Quotas
1. EU policy, 1989, “Television without Frontiers”
a. TV stations in EU countries should devote more than 50% of their schedule to European programs
b. France’s protectionism
i. No more than 40% of films can come from outside Europe
ii. Has even blocked PBS
c. U.S. thinks cultural exports should be treated like any other good, free market
ii. Subsidies
1. U.S. opposes
2. EU trying to subsidize but EU films still not very popular in EU mkt.
3. Italy- first foreign film to win an Oscar for best pic. was Life is Beautiful in 1998, film industry has since decline
4. EU’s MEDIA (Measures for Economic Development of the Audiovisual Industry) to stimulate EU film ind.
iii. Regional Alliances including Coproductions
1. MEDIA is regional alliance
2. countries share resources- actors, production, etc
3. reach larger market and have larger cultural appeal
4. India and Canada have an agreement
5. UNESCO- 100 European, Latin American, Asian, African nations agreed to allow state subsidies and taxes an imported cultural ind.
a. U.S., Japan, India, and Mexico opposed
iv. Adaptations- buying rights to a show/film and changing language an/or setting to fit local culture
1. Ex- Superstar (British)àAmerican Idol (U.S.) à Superstar (Lebanon)
àIndian Idol (India)
v. Resistance
1. producing and exporting products about one’s culturea. Ex- Brazil and TV Globo
b. Ex- Kayapo Indians in Amazon, documenting their culture and traditions on film
2. also showing original language/cultural media in home
a. Punjabi families in London
3. BBC recognized this market
a. BBC One- black audience
b. Caters to South Asian community also
4. Canada
a. Bill C-55 (1999) makes it illegal for Canadian businesses to advertise in magazines intended for U.S. mkt.
b. Many U.S. films (91% of box office), magazines (4 out of 5), TV in Canada due to shared language and 2000 mile border
VI. Not all Pop Culture is American
a. Audiences prefer local cultures
i. India, Japan, Brazil, Russia- local TV production is 70-96% of market
b. Music
i. Germany is world’s third largest mkt after U.S. and Japan
ii. Latin American artists popular in U.S. and globally
iii. Musical Comedy
1. British musicals
a. Phantom of the Opera, Joseph and the Technicolor Dreamcoat, Les Miserables, Jesus Christ Superstar, Spamalot
iv. Publishing in U.S.1. Random House owned by German co. Bertelsmann
2. Harper-Collins owned by Rupert Murdoch (Australian)
VII. Role of Journalists in Production of Culture
a. Goal of objectivity unrealistic
b. Herbert Gans, study of CBS, NBC, Newsweek, Timei. “enduring value are built into news judgments, as a result most values and opinions enter unconsciously”
1. eight value clusters- ethnocentrism, altruistic democracy, responsible capitalism, small-town pastoralism, individualism, moderation, social order, national leadership
c. News formats transmitted across cultures to other news organizations- CNN influences news formats globally
Sunday, October 7, 2007
chapter6
Jihad Faroukhi
Dr.Ibahrine
Chapter 6:Global News and Information Flow in the Internet Age
I. Introduction
A. Internet is universally characterized as a revolutionary medium because it has opened up an altogether new world of information and communication
B. Still barriers (digital divide) but the internet is catching on quicker than any previous communication innovation
II. Origin and Early History of News Agencies
A. Selling their product to multiple papers enable news agencies to supply more news more cheaply than a single newspapers
B. Dominant Western News Agencies
1. Agence France-Presse
2. Associated Press
3. Reuters
4. United Press International
C. Non-Western Large World News Agency
1. ITAR-TASS
III. International News Agencies Today
A. Associated Press
B. United Press International
C.Reuters
D. Agence France-Presse
1. third largest global wire service after AP and Reuters
2. English, Fr , German, Spanish, Portuguese, Arabic
E. ITAR-TASS and Interfax
1. since 1992, state-owned successor to USSR
2. ITAR-TASS struggles to be credible and mainstream
4. Eng, Fr, German, Spanish and Arabic
IV. Supplemental news agencies
A. Supplemental sources provide more specialized coverage
B. Major U.S. supplemental
-1. New York Times News Service
.2. Los Angeles Times-Washington Post
3. Dow Jones Newswires
V. Broadcast News Services
A. Reuters World News Services
1. breaking news feeds on international news, business, sports,
B. Associated Press Television News, TV and radio
C. TV Broadcasting
1. CNN International
D. Satellite Communicationà More news sources
1. 24 hours news channels with some English programming is available in: Japan, India, China, Egypt, South Korea
2. Al Jazeeraa. fastest growing media network in Arab world and Arabic speaking
3. France is preparing to launch global satellite French news channel in 2006
4. India, soon to be largest English speaking nation in world, will be important player in global mediaE. Radio
1. traditionally been seen as propaganda
2. BBC world service and Voice of America
VII. News Flow Patterns: Online and Offline
A. Problems and patterns of traditional media systems:
1. The four main Western news agencies (AP, Reuters, AFP, UPI) control most of the world’s news flow
2. Four Western agencies
3. Next five leading agencies
B. Developing countrie fears:
1. People in the developing world see themselves through Western lens
2. The West determines what is in the public sphere.
3. One-way news flow
4. “Soft” power influences local culture and thought
C. Core and Periphery Problem- Dependency Theory
VIII. The Outlook
A. Growing political and civil liberties à free flow of info
B. Totalitarian and authoritarian govs. still pose obstacles
C. Developing
D. New packaging and new opportunities for need-based online
Dr.Ibahrine
Chapter 6:Global News and Information Flow in the Internet Age
I. Introduction
A. Internet is universally characterized as a revolutionary medium because it has opened up an altogether new world of information and communication
B. Still barriers (digital divide) but the internet is catching on quicker than any previous communication innovation
II. Origin and Early History of News Agencies
A. Selling their product to multiple papers enable news agencies to supply more news more cheaply than a single newspapers
B. Dominant Western News Agencies
1. Agence France-Presse
2. Associated Press
3. Reuters
4. United Press International
C. Non-Western Large World News Agency
1. ITAR-TASS
III. International News Agencies Today
A. Associated Press
B. United Press International
C.Reuters
D. Agence France-Presse
1. third largest global wire service after AP and Reuters
2. English, Fr , German, Spanish, Portuguese, Arabic
E. ITAR-TASS and Interfax
1. since 1992, state-owned successor to USSR
2. ITAR-TASS struggles to be credible and mainstream
4. Eng, Fr, German, Spanish and Arabic
IV. Supplemental news agencies
A. Supplemental sources provide more specialized coverage
B. Major U.S. supplemental
-1. New York Times News Service
.2. Los Angeles Times-Washington Post
3. Dow Jones Newswires
V. Broadcast News Services
A. Reuters World News Services
1. breaking news feeds on international news, business, sports,
B. Associated Press Television News, TV and radio
C. TV Broadcasting
1. CNN International
D. Satellite Communicationà More news sources
1. 24 hours news channels with some English programming is available in: Japan, India, China, Egypt, South Korea
2. Al Jazeeraa. fastest growing media network in Arab world and Arabic speaking
3. France is preparing to launch global satellite French news channel in 2006
4. India, soon to be largest English speaking nation in world, will be important player in global mediaE. Radio
1. traditionally been seen as propaganda
2. BBC world service and Voice of America
VII. News Flow Patterns: Online and Offline
A. Problems and patterns of traditional media systems:
1. The four main Western news agencies (AP, Reuters, AFP, UPI) control most of the world’s news flow
2. Four Western agencies
3. Next five leading agencies
B. Developing countrie fears:
1. People in the developing world see themselves through Western lens
2. The West determines what is in the public sphere.
3. One-way news flow
4. “Soft” power influences local culture and thought
C. Core and Periphery Problem- Dependency Theory
VIII. The Outlook
A. Growing political and civil liberties à free flow of info
B. Totalitarian and authoritarian govs. still pose obstacles
C. Developing
D. New packaging and new opportunities for need-based online
chapter 4
Jihad Faroukhi
Dr.Ibahrine
Global Communication
Detailed Outline: The transnational Media Corporation and the Economics of Global Competition
· The transnational corporation TNC represents a natural evolution beyond the multinatioanl corporation of the 1960s and 1970s.One dintinctive feature of TNC is strategic decisions and allocation of resources based on economic goals and not national borders.
· The Transnational media corporation TNMC is the most powerful economic force for global media activity in the world. TNMC promotes the use of advanced media and information technology on a worldwide basis.
1. The Transnational Media Corpation
Two myths concerning the intentions of TNCMs and the people runing them
1. TNMCs operate in all markets of the world- FALSE, TNMCs tend to choose preferred markets, usually home mkt.
2. TNMCs have one singular business approach- FALSE, TNMCs have different strategies depending on their leadership
2. The Purpose of a Global Media Strategy
1. The majority of Trasnatioan Media Corporations become foreign direct investors gradually and do not set out to do so at the beginning of their companyB. TNMCs begin as a campany that is especcially strong in one or two areas.
3. The Globalization of Marketing
The globalization of markets involves the full integration of transnational business,nation-states, and technologies operating at high speed.
3.1. The Rules of Free Market Trade
· Free market capitalism
· Deregulation
· private sector
· opening of domestic market
· competition and choice
3.2. Foreign Direct Investment
3.2.1. Propriatary and Phisical Assets
3.2.2. Foreign Market Penetration
3.2.3. Production and Distribution Effecencies
3.2.4. Overcoming Regulatory Barriers to Entry
3.2.5. Empire Building
3.3. The Risks Associated with FDI
· Laws and rules of host country.
· Potential political instability.
· Socialist/nationalist govs.
· Anti-foreign business
· Need to do a country risk assessment before investing
4. Transational Media Ownership
4.1. Mergers, Acquisitions, and Strategic Alliances
4.1.1. Mergers: two companies combined into one example Time and Warner à Time Warner in 1989
4.1.2. Acquisitions : one company buys another to add/ acquire the other’s productive capacity Example Viacom buys CBS in 1999
4.1.3. Strategic Alliance : business relationship btwn. 2 or more companies to work towards a collective advantage Exmple Walt Disney licenses Tokyo Disneyland
4.2. When Mergers and Acquisions Fail
4.2.1. The Lack of Compelling Strategic Rationale
4.2.2. Failure to Perform Due Diligence
4.2.3. Post-Merger Planing and Integration failure
4.2.4. Financing and the Problem of Excessive Debt
5. The Media and global Finance
Media and telecommunication entails high start up costs and risk, size and reputation of TNC predict ability to raise capital in foreign mkt.
5.1. The Role of Global Capital Markets
5.2. Capital Markets Loans
5.3. Debt Financing
6. Business and Planing Strategies
6.1. Understanding Core Competency
6.2. Vertical Integration and Cross Media Ownership
6.3. Broadband Communication
7. Transational Medi and The Marketplace of Ideas
7.1. Transnational Media and economic Consolidation
7.2. The Deregulation Paradox
7.3. The Market Place of Ideas
7.4. Global Competition and the Difusion of Authority
7.5. TMNCs and Nation-States
Dr.Ibahrine
Global Communication
Detailed Outline: The transnational Media Corporation and the Economics of Global Competition
· The transnational corporation TNC represents a natural evolution beyond the multinatioanl corporation of the 1960s and 1970s.One dintinctive feature of TNC is strategic decisions and allocation of resources based on economic goals and not national borders.
· The Transnational media corporation TNMC is the most powerful economic force for global media activity in the world. TNMC promotes the use of advanced media and information technology on a worldwide basis.
1. The Transnational Media Corpation
Two myths concerning the intentions of TNCMs and the people runing them
1. TNMCs operate in all markets of the world- FALSE, TNMCs tend to choose preferred markets, usually home mkt.
2. TNMCs have one singular business approach- FALSE, TNMCs have different strategies depending on their leadership
2. The Purpose of a Global Media Strategy
1. The majority of Trasnatioan Media Corporations become foreign direct investors gradually and do not set out to do so at the beginning of their companyB. TNMCs begin as a campany that is especcially strong in one or two areas.
3. The Globalization of Marketing
The globalization of markets involves the full integration of transnational business,nation-states, and technologies operating at high speed.
3.1. The Rules of Free Market Trade
· Free market capitalism
· Deregulation
· private sector
· opening of domestic market
· competition and choice
3.2. Foreign Direct Investment
3.2.1. Propriatary and Phisical Assets
3.2.2. Foreign Market Penetration
3.2.3. Production and Distribution Effecencies
3.2.4. Overcoming Regulatory Barriers to Entry
3.2.5. Empire Building
3.3. The Risks Associated with FDI
· Laws and rules of host country.
· Potential political instability.
· Socialist/nationalist govs.
· Anti-foreign business
· Need to do a country risk assessment before investing
4. Transational Media Ownership
4.1. Mergers, Acquisitions, and Strategic Alliances
4.1.1. Mergers: two companies combined into one example Time and Warner à Time Warner in 1989
4.1.2. Acquisitions : one company buys another to add/ acquire the other’s productive capacity Example Viacom buys CBS in 1999
4.1.3. Strategic Alliance : business relationship btwn. 2 or more companies to work towards a collective advantage Exmple Walt Disney licenses Tokyo Disneyland
4.2. When Mergers and Acquisions Fail
4.2.1. The Lack of Compelling Strategic Rationale
4.2.2. Failure to Perform Due Diligence
4.2.3. Post-Merger Planing and Integration failure
4.2.4. Financing and the Problem of Excessive Debt
5. The Media and global Finance
Media and telecommunication entails high start up costs and risk, size and reputation of TNC predict ability to raise capital in foreign mkt.
5.1. The Role of Global Capital Markets
5.2. Capital Markets Loans
5.3. Debt Financing
6. Business and Planing Strategies
6.1. Understanding Core Competency
6.2. Vertical Integration and Cross Media Ownership
6.3. Broadband Communication
7. Transational Medi and The Marketplace of Ideas
7.1. Transnational Media and economic Consolidation
7.2. The Deregulation Paradox
7.3. The Market Place of Ideas
7.4. Global Competition and the Difusion of Authority
7.5. TMNCs and Nation-States
France launches world TV channel
france has launched its internationa TV channel which will compete with BBC, CNN and Aljazeera. This channel was created in order to give the inetnational audiances an idea about france's opinion about the war in Iraq in addition to its position vis a vis different international events. France 24 is broadcasted in french but in the future it will be in English, Arabic and Spanish. I think that it is a good idea to have France 24 in these different languages because it will reach a huge number of local and international audiences. in addition to that it will provide a chances for employing journalits from different countries. we will have France 24 that gives news in frensh eyes, aljazeera in arabic eyes and CNN in American eyes. Thus, we will not have a monopoly of the news coverage and we will have a different appraoches (French,Arabic and American or English.
Jihad
Jihad
Monday, September 10, 2007
chapter3:Global Economy and International Telecommunication
Jihad Faroukhi
Dr.Ibahrine
International Communication
Chapter 3:Global Economy and International Telecommunication
Global Economy affects our lives in personal ways. For example, we encounter products from all over the world.
The global economy is also related to global communication. They are inseparably intertwined: for the global economy requires global communication to control and coordinate global divisions of labour.
I. Pre-modern World:
1.1.1. In the 13th century, the world was very different from the world of today.
1.1.2. Foreigner products were rare.
1.1.3. The only people who had access to these products were kings, queens and the rich.
1.1.4. Everyday goods were made by local people who worked independently.
II. Division of Labour:
1.1.1. One important thing that distinguishes the modern world from the pre-modern was the extent to which division of labour was used in the production process.
1.1.2. With the division of labour the workers no longer world independently at their workshops; they instead work together as a group in a factory.
1.1.3. The flip side to division of labour is that it creates interdependencies.
1.1.4. In the old system shoemaker could wake up whenever he wanted and start working whenever it suited his mood.
1.1.5. In the new system, the division of labour requires coordination.
1.1.6. Division of labour increases productivity via specialization, which in tern creates problems of coordination and control.
1.1.7. Changes brought about by global economy, global division of labour, and global communication are explained in a purely conceptual way as if they were abstract phenomenon.
III. Imperialism:
1.1.1. In the 13th century the world was multipolar with multiple centers of power ( china, Egypt, India, Italy….).
1.1.2. This picture changed with the emergence of Portugueuse, Spanish, Deutsh, French and British empires in the 14th and 15th century.
1.1.3. the world became a monopolar one.
1.1.4. The new empires were not like earlier ones in history
1.1.5. They were far flung and disjoined and they extracted tribute in the form of gifts,grain or taxes every year.
1.1.6. one of the main reasons the imperial powers were interested in acquiring colonies was to gain access to raw materials for thei growing industries.
IV. Electronic Imperialism:
Electronic imperialism is a broad concept that can encompass a wide range of issues.
1.1.1. Global Media Flows
(a) After WW II the age of imperialism ended and the center of power moved across the Atlantic to the united states.
(b) The main source of US power was its economic rather than its military strength.
(c) The US dominates the cinema and television screens all over the world.
(d) Other countries are concerned about the cultural influence of films fearing that imported films will shape people’s attitudes and perceptions in the accordance with alien ideas and values.
(e) Many nations called for a new world information order(NWIO) that would change this asymmetrical patterns and make it more ballenced.
(f) The US opposed the NWIO.
1.1.2. Transborder Data Flow
(a) With the improvement in transportation technologies, international trade progressively moved beyond many commodities.
(b) The current imbalance in world trade further aggravates the problem because if one walks around a mall in the US and looks at the labels of different products in the stores; one will come across products made in china, Korea, Malaysia, Brazil…
(c) As the division of labour had progressed, manufacturing jobs have moved overseas from the US to developing countries where labour costs are much cheaper.
(d) This reflects the fact that most US manufacturing has moved overseas.
V. Emerging Network Structures
1.1.1. Newer technologies do not seem to follow the same logic: the cost of production equipment has dropped sharply.
1.1.2. The transmission costs have declined as bandwidths have increased with the deployment of fiber optic and other broadband technologies.
1.1.3. The internet with its all lateral communication potentialities, is at present like the British imperial telegraph network and is likely to remain like that for the foreseeable future.
VI. Toward A New World System
1.1.1. Throughout history there have been centers and peripheries.
Dr.Ibahrine
International Communication
Chapter 3:Global Economy and International Telecommunication
Global Economy affects our lives in personal ways. For example, we encounter products from all over the world.
The global economy is also related to global communication. They are inseparably intertwined: for the global economy requires global communication to control and coordinate global divisions of labour.
I. Pre-modern World:
1.1.1. In the 13th century, the world was very different from the world of today.
1.1.2. Foreigner products were rare.
1.1.3. The only people who had access to these products were kings, queens and the rich.
1.1.4. Everyday goods were made by local people who worked independently.
II. Division of Labour:
1.1.1. One important thing that distinguishes the modern world from the pre-modern was the extent to which division of labour was used in the production process.
1.1.2. With the division of labour the workers no longer world independently at their workshops; they instead work together as a group in a factory.
1.1.3. The flip side to division of labour is that it creates interdependencies.
1.1.4. In the old system shoemaker could wake up whenever he wanted and start working whenever it suited his mood.
1.1.5. In the new system, the division of labour requires coordination.
1.1.6. Division of labour increases productivity via specialization, which in tern creates problems of coordination and control.
1.1.7. Changes brought about by global economy, global division of labour, and global communication are explained in a purely conceptual way as if they were abstract phenomenon.
III. Imperialism:
1.1.1. In the 13th century the world was multipolar with multiple centers of power ( china, Egypt, India, Italy….).
1.1.2. This picture changed with the emergence of Portugueuse, Spanish, Deutsh, French and British empires in the 14th and 15th century.
1.1.3. the world became a monopolar one.
1.1.4. The new empires were not like earlier ones in history
1.1.5. They were far flung and disjoined and they extracted tribute in the form of gifts,grain or taxes every year.
1.1.6. one of the main reasons the imperial powers were interested in acquiring colonies was to gain access to raw materials for thei growing industries.
IV. Electronic Imperialism:
Electronic imperialism is a broad concept that can encompass a wide range of issues.
1.1.1. Global Media Flows
(a) After WW II the age of imperialism ended and the center of power moved across the Atlantic to the united states.
(b) The main source of US power was its economic rather than its military strength.
(c) The US dominates the cinema and television screens all over the world.
(d) Other countries are concerned about the cultural influence of films fearing that imported films will shape people’s attitudes and perceptions in the accordance with alien ideas and values.
(e) Many nations called for a new world information order(NWIO) that would change this asymmetrical patterns and make it more ballenced.
(f) The US opposed the NWIO.
1.1.2. Transborder Data Flow
(a) With the improvement in transportation technologies, international trade progressively moved beyond many commodities.
(b) The current imbalance in world trade further aggravates the problem because if one walks around a mall in the US and looks at the labels of different products in the stores; one will come across products made in china, Korea, Malaysia, Brazil…
(c) As the division of labour had progressed, manufacturing jobs have moved overseas from the US to developing countries where labour costs are much cheaper.
(d) This reflects the fact that most US manufacturing has moved overseas.
V. Emerging Network Structures
1.1.1. Newer technologies do not seem to follow the same logic: the cost of production equipment has dropped sharply.
1.1.2. The transmission costs have declined as bandwidths have increased with the deployment of fiber optic and other broadband technologies.
1.1.3. The internet with its all lateral communication potentialities, is at present like the British imperial telegraph network and is likely to remain like that for the foreseeable future.
VI. Toward A New World System
1.1.1. Throughout history there have been centers and peripheries.
Wednesday, September 5, 2007
detailed Outline of Chapter 2: Drawing a Bead on global Communication Theories.
Jihad Faroukhi
Dr. Ibahrine
International Communication
Detailed outline 2: Drawing a Bead on global Communication Theories.
I.“Normative” Theories.
1.one of the earliest attempts to think about the media internationally was a book entitled "Four Theories of the Press".
2.its author created a taxonomy which means "dividing up all the various versions and aspects of a topic into systematic categories and sometimes sub-categories".
3. The author suggested that the world's various media sydtems could be grouped into four categories:
i.Authoritarianb
ii. Sovietc
iii.Liberald
iiii.Social Responsibility
4. These Theories are what we call Denotic and normative.
5.Other Models: the development model and the participatory.
II.A Different Approach I: Comparing and Contrasting Media:
1.Exapmle of the Soviet Russian media system in order to understand the media internationally.
2.At least 4 important issues must be considred in ordet to understand the relation between the mainstream media to:
i.Political Power: under the Soviet model, Media was controlled heavily by the state
ii. Economic Crisis.
iii.Dramatic Social Transitions
3. The first media revolution started in the new revolutionary regimec
4.At the time of the revolution, Russian media were on the cutting Edge.d
5.In Stalin regime, media suffered under the new regime in the second transition after the revolution
III.A Different Approach II: Globalization and Mdia
1. coçmparing and contrassing media is one way to get a clearer focus on what it is that media actuaaly do in our world
2.to focus on the current trends toward the globalization of media and of other cultural processes.
3.Globalization signifies Structural economic changesble.
4. Globalization was used as cultural imperialism.
5. Transnational Labor migration generated tremendous cultural dislocation and expansion of cultural horizons among the migrant communities.
IV.A Different Approach III: Small-Scale Alternative Media.
1.Samizadt media refers to the hand-circulated pamphelts,poems,essays,plays,short stories... that began to emerge in Soviet Russia.
2.it contained various messages: religous,nationaliost,ecological,reformist...
3.it means self-published in contrast to state- published.
Dr. Ibahrine
International Communication
Detailed outline 2: Drawing a Bead on global Communication Theories.
I.“Normative” Theories.
1.one of the earliest attempts to think about the media internationally was a book entitled "Four Theories of the Press".
2.its author created a taxonomy which means "dividing up all the various versions and aspects of a topic into systematic categories and sometimes sub-categories".
3. The author suggested that the world's various media sydtems could be grouped into four categories:
i.Authoritarianb
ii. Sovietc
iii.Liberald
iiii.Social Responsibility
4. These Theories are what we call Denotic and normative.
5.Other Models: the development model and the participatory.
II.A Different Approach I: Comparing and Contrasting Media:
1.Exapmle of the Soviet Russian media system in order to understand the media internationally.
2.At least 4 important issues must be considred in ordet to understand the relation between the mainstream media to:
i.Political Power: under the Soviet model, Media was controlled heavily by the state
ii. Economic Crisis.
iii.Dramatic Social Transitions
3. The first media revolution started in the new revolutionary regimec
4.At the time of the revolution, Russian media were on the cutting Edge.d
5.In Stalin regime, media suffered under the new regime in the second transition after the revolution
III.A Different Approach II: Globalization and Mdia
1. coçmparing and contrassing media is one way to get a clearer focus on what it is that media actuaaly do in our world
2.to focus on the current trends toward the globalization of media and of other cultural processes.
3.Globalization signifies Structural economic changesble.
4. Globalization was used as cultural imperialism.
5. Transnational Labor migration generated tremendous cultural dislocation and expansion of cultural horizons among the migrant communities.
IV.A Different Approach III: Small-Scale Alternative Media.
1.Samizadt media refers to the hand-circulated pamphelts,poems,essays,plays,short stories... that began to emerge in Soviet Russia.
2.it contained various messages: religous,nationaliost,ecological,reformist...
3.it means self-published in contrast to state- published.
Detailed outline: Following the Historical Paths of Global Communication
Jihad Faroukhi
International Communication
Dr. Ibahrine
Detailed Outline
Chapter 1: Following the Historical Paths of Global Communication
1. Geographical Space: A Barrier to Communicate.
i. For a long time ago people using lighting signals fires on the tops of mountains, sending messages in reflected sunlight off polished metal shields.
ii. The concept of communication was introduced for the first time in 1979 by medieval historians.
iii. The “age of discovery” saw explorers travelling the edge of the known world mapping their paths for others to follow.
iv. Communication strategies and devices of many varieties were used to get advantage in warfare and trade.
2. Geography and the Mythical World.
i. Foreign lands were believed to be the bizarre and frightening places where gymnosophists contemplated the sun all day standing in the hot rays first on one leg and then on the other.
ii. The Product of fear and imagination, these mythical ideas among ancient cultures were richly symbolic and were accompanied by expression in art, science, language and ritual.
3. Ancient Encounters of societies and cultures.
i. Greek and Arab Philosopher and mathematicians sought to rise above mythical beliefs and to construct rational models for knowledge, and they saw the world as measurable and they suggested the use of coordinates to divide geographical space.
ii. The early Greeks regarded the remote islands to their west as the horizon of the known world.
iii. Alexander the Great stretched the geographical boundaries of the European worldview even farter.
4. Global explorers: Migrants, holy People, Merchants.
i. For ancient pre-agrarian societies in Europe, migration was a way of life.
ii. Changing climate conditions and food supplies required a nomadic life before 2000BCE.
iii. Except for trade caravans and emissaries on state business with armed escorts, travel was considered hazardous and difficult.
iv. After the fall of the Greek and Roman Empires knowledge and curiosity about China and India ebbed among Europeans.
5. Map Makers and the Medival World.
i. Mapping was an integral part of Communication history.
ii. Maps were considered to be valuable keys to unlocking unknown worlds.
iii. Maps served many purposes in ancient times, including maritime navigations, religious pilgrimages and military and administrative uses.
6. Inventors: Signals and Semaphores.
i. A time line tracking the emergence of information technologies
shows a bewildering array of conceptual and material inventions.
ii. Most information technologies were solutions to tangible and I mm immediate problems.
iii. The earliest known communication use of a simple signal ys tem system over distances employed fires or beacons.
iv. Rliability and speed of delivery through the medieval postal system were remarkably good.
7. The Printing Press: Literacy and the Knowledge Explosion.
i. The social consequences of the printing press were far-reaching, eventually encouraging the practice of reading among common people and the reformation of medieval European institutions, religious, and governments.
ii. The postal service was an innovation patterned after older courier and messenger system.
8. Scientists and international Networks.
i. Technological innovations in travel and the changing role of international science in the mid 19th century brought far reaching changes in relations between nations.
ii. The introduction of the first user-friendly electric telegraph was a break-through in the longstanding dilemma over development of the two way information exchange.
9. The International electric Revolution.
i. The Scientific innovations of the 19th century launched the world on a path to electrification of industry and commerce.
ii.The telephone was a communication innovation that was adopted and managed differently in each nation.
ii.Lee De Forest who is remembered as the “father of radio” made significant advancement in the clarity of sound with his triode vacuum tube, making the transmission of sound possible.
International Communication
Dr. Ibahrine
Detailed Outline
Chapter 1: Following the Historical Paths of Global Communication
1. Geographical Space: A Barrier to Communicate.
i. For a long time ago people using lighting signals fires on the tops of mountains, sending messages in reflected sunlight off polished metal shields.
ii. The concept of communication was introduced for the first time in 1979 by medieval historians.
iii. The “age of discovery” saw explorers travelling the edge of the known world mapping their paths for others to follow.
iv. Communication strategies and devices of many varieties were used to get advantage in warfare and trade.
2. Geography and the Mythical World.
i. Foreign lands were believed to be the bizarre and frightening places where gymnosophists contemplated the sun all day standing in the hot rays first on one leg and then on the other.
ii. The Product of fear and imagination, these mythical ideas among ancient cultures were richly symbolic and were accompanied by expression in art, science, language and ritual.
3. Ancient Encounters of societies and cultures.
i. Greek and Arab Philosopher and mathematicians sought to rise above mythical beliefs and to construct rational models for knowledge, and they saw the world as measurable and they suggested the use of coordinates to divide geographical space.
ii. The early Greeks regarded the remote islands to their west as the horizon of the known world.
iii. Alexander the Great stretched the geographical boundaries of the European worldview even farter.
4. Global explorers: Migrants, holy People, Merchants.
i. For ancient pre-agrarian societies in Europe, migration was a way of life.
ii. Changing climate conditions and food supplies required a nomadic life before 2000BCE.
iii. Except for trade caravans and emissaries on state business with armed escorts, travel was considered hazardous and difficult.
iv. After the fall of the Greek and Roman Empires knowledge and curiosity about China and India ebbed among Europeans.
5. Map Makers and the Medival World.
i. Mapping was an integral part of Communication history.
ii. Maps were considered to be valuable keys to unlocking unknown worlds.
iii. Maps served many purposes in ancient times, including maritime navigations, religious pilgrimages and military and administrative uses.
6. Inventors: Signals and Semaphores.
i. A time line tracking the emergence of information technologies
shows a bewildering array of conceptual and material inventions.
ii. Most information technologies were solutions to tangible and I mm immediate problems.
iii. The earliest known communication use of a simple signal ys tem system over distances employed fires or beacons.
iv. Rliability and speed of delivery through the medieval postal system were remarkably good.
7. The Printing Press: Literacy and the Knowledge Explosion.
i. The social consequences of the printing press were far-reaching, eventually encouraging the practice of reading among common people and the reformation of medieval European institutions, religious, and governments.
ii. The postal service was an innovation patterned after older courier and messenger system.
8. Scientists and international Networks.
i. Technological innovations in travel and the changing role of international science in the mid 19th century brought far reaching changes in relations between nations.
ii. The introduction of the first user-friendly electric telegraph was a break-through in the longstanding dilemma over development of the two way information exchange.
9. The International electric Revolution.
i. The Scientific innovations of the 19th century launched the world on a path to electrification of industry and commerce.
ii.The telephone was a communication innovation that was adopted and managed differently in each nation.
ii.Lee De Forest who is remembered as the “father of radio” made significant advancement in the clarity of sound with his triode vacuum tube, making the transmission of sound possible.
Monday, September 3, 2007
Outline of chapter 1
Jihad Faroukhi
International Communication
Chapter 1 : Following the Historical Paths of Global Communication
1. Geographical Space: A Barrier To Communicate.
2. Geography and the Mythical World.
3. Ancient Encounters of societies and cultures.
4. Global explorers: Migrants, holy People, Merchants.
5. Map Makers and the Medival World.
6. Inventors: Signals and Semaphores.
7. the Printing Press: Literacy and the Knowledge Explosion.
8. Scientists and international Networks.
9. The International electric Revolution.
10. Summary: Global Immediacy and Transparency.
International Communication
Chapter 1 : Following the Historical Paths of Global Communication
1. Geographical Space: A Barrier To Communicate.
2. Geography and the Mythical World.
3. Ancient Encounters of societies and cultures.
4. Global explorers: Migrants, holy People, Merchants.
5. Map Makers and the Medival World.
6. Inventors: Signals and Semaphores.
7. the Printing Press: Literacy and the Knowledge Explosion.
8. Scientists and international Networks.
9. The International electric Revolution.
10. Summary: Global Immediacy and Transparency.
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