deatailed outline :chapter 13

I. What is Culture?
a. Culture
i. Commonly used term
ii. What is means to be a human, all our culture summed up
iii. “one of the two or three most complicated words in the English language” Raymond Williams
iv. “pop culture”- culture as a way of life
v. Human culture
vi. national culture
1. Media play key role in national culture
2. media transmit stories, images, ideas
II. Cultural Industries
a. Cultural Industries- term coined in 1947 in Dialectic of Enlightenment by Adorno and Horkheimer of Frankfurt school
i. Based on their Critical Theory (Marxist approach)
ii. Defn- “products which are tailored for consumption by masses, and which to a great extent determine the nature of that consumption, are more or less manufactured according to plan.”
iii. Media play role in ideological justification of capitalists class divisions and social control
iv. Today, cultural industries does not have negative connotation- UNESCO describes cultural ind. as “important national economic resources that allow expressions of creativity to be copies and boosted by the industrial process and worldwide distribution.”
b. Other Cultural Groupings
i. All organizations have cultures (businesses etc.)
III. Transmission of Culture
a. Culture must be learned
i. “ an historically transmitted pattern of meanings embodied in symbols, a system of inherited conceptions expressed by symbolic forms by means of which men communicate, perpetuate, and develop their knowledge about and attitudes toward life” –Clifford Geertz
ii. Language is the primary medium to transmit cultureb. Benedict Anderson and Imagined Communitiesi. Through print capitalism (18th ct.) ppl. came to believe they share a culture with ppl. they may have never met
c. Families and news cultural transmitters
i. Families used to be primary means of cultural socialization pre-radio/TV aged. Languages and culture
i. Small linguistic communities (Ex- Quebec) vulnerable to dominant language cultural influence and loss
ii. English language media available globally
IV. How the West Dominates in Production of Culturea. U.S. produces more cultural exports, big influencei. Herbert Schiller and Mass Communication and the American Empire (1969)
1. U.S.’s military-industrial complex using TV and films to obtain world dominance in culture
ii. Nordenstreng and Varis study
iii. U.S. has one way flow to the world dominated by entertainment
iv. Based on history- U.S. industrialized and developed these industries first
v. However India makes more films (1000 per year) but exports less to int’l mkt.
vi. other studies have been done on U.S. “cultural imperialismb. Are ppl. personally affected by U.S. cultural exports?
i. Tomilson- no agent to blame, simply global capitalismii. Difficulty to measureiii. Tentative conclusion – audiences are more critical and assertive than critical theory believes. People retain many local cultural values.
1. Marian Bredin- “power or media to bring cultural change to an ethnic group is quite limited”
V. What do Cultures do to Defend Their Autonomy?
a. Countries with large home mkts have advantage because they can cover costs at home and make profits abroad. Small countries could not afford to do so
.b. Protectionsi. Quotas
1. EU policy, 1989, “Television without Frontiers”
a. TV stations in EU countries should devote more than 50% of their schedule to European programs
b. France’s protectionism
i. No more than 40% of films can come from outside Europe
ii. Has even blocked PBS
c. U.S. thinks cultural exports should be treated like any other good, free market
ii. Subsidies
1. U.S. opposes
2. EU trying to subsidize but EU films still not very popular in EU mkt.
3. Italy- first foreign film to win an Oscar for best pic. was Life is Beautiful in 1998, film industry has since decline
4. EU’s MEDIA (Measures for Economic Development of the Audiovisual Industry) to stimulate EU film ind.
iii. Regional Alliances including Coproductions
1. MEDIA is regional alliance
2. countries share resources- actors, production, etc
3. reach larger market and have larger cultural appeal
4. India and Canada have an agreement
5. UNESCO- 100 European, Latin American, Asian, African nations agreed to allow state subsidies and taxes an imported cultural ind.
a. U.S., Japan, India, and Mexico opposed
iv. Adaptations- buying rights to a show/film and changing language an/or setting to fit local culture
1. Ex- Superstar (British)àAmerican Idol (U.S.) à Superstar (Lebanon)
àIndian Idol (India)
v. Resistance
1. producing and exporting products about one’s culturea. Ex- Brazil and TV Globo
b. Ex- Kayapo Indians in Amazon, documenting their culture and traditions on film
2. also showing original language/cultural media in home
a. Punjabi families in London
3. BBC recognized this market
a. BBC One- black audience
b. Caters to South Asian community also
4. Canada
a. Bill C-55 (1999) makes it illegal for Canadian businesses to advertise in magazines intended for U.S. mkt.
b. Many U.S. films (91% of box office), magazines (4 out of 5), TV in Canada due to shared language and 2000 mile border
VI. Not all Pop Culture is American
a. Audiences prefer local cultures
i. India, Japan, Brazil, Russia- local TV production is 70-96% of market
b. Music
i. Germany is world’s third largest mkt after U.S. and Japan
ii. Latin American artists popular in U.S. and globally
iii. Musical Comedy
1. British musicals
a. Phantom of the Opera, Joseph and the Technicolor Dreamcoat, Les Miserables, Jesus Christ Superstar, Spamalot
iv. Publishing in U.S.1. Random House owned by German co. Bertelsmann
2. Harper-Collins owned by Rupert Murdoch (Australian)
VII. Role of Journalists in Production of Culture
a. Goal of objectivity unrealistic
b. Herbert Gans, study of CBS, NBC, Newsweek, Timei. “enduring value are built into news judgments, as a result most values and opinions enter unconsciously”
1. eight value clusters- ethnocentrism, altruistic democracy, responsible capitalism, small-town pastoralism, individualism, moderation, social order, national leadership
c. News formats transmitted across cultures to other news organizations- CNN influences news formats globally

chapter6

Jihad Faroukhi
Dr.Ibahrine
Chapter 6:Global News and Information Flow in the Internet Age
I. Introduction
A. Internet is universally characterized as a revolutionary medium because it has opened up an altogether new world of information and communication
B. Still barriers (digital divide) but the internet is catching on quicker than any previous communication innovation
II. Origin and Early History of News Agencies
A. Selling their product to multiple papers enable news agencies to supply more news more cheaply than a single newspapers
B. Dominant Western News Agencies
1. Agence France-Presse
2. Associated Press
3. Reuters
4. United Press International
C. Non-Western Large World News Agency
1. ITAR-TASS
III. International News Agencies Today
A. Associated Press
B. United Press International
C.Reuters
D. Agence France-Presse
1. third largest global wire service after AP and Reuters
2. English, Fr , German, Spanish, Portuguese, Arabic
E. ITAR-TASS and Interfax
1. since 1992, state-owned successor to USSR
2. ITAR-TASS struggles to be credible and mainstream
4. Eng, Fr, German, Spanish and Arabic
IV. Supplemental news agencies
A. Supplemental sources provide more specialized coverage
B. Major U.S. supplemental
-1. New York Times News Service
.2. Los Angeles Times-Washington Post
3. Dow Jones Newswires
V. Broadcast News Services
A. Reuters World News Services
1. breaking news feeds on international news, business, sports,
B. Associated Press Television News, TV and radio
C. TV Broadcasting
1. CNN International
D. Satellite Communicationà More news sources
1. 24 hours news channels with some English programming is available in: Japan, India, China, Egypt, South Korea
2. Al Jazeeraa. fastest growing media network in Arab world and Arabic speaking
3. France is preparing to launch global satellite French news channel in 2006
4. India, soon to be largest English speaking nation in world, will be important player in global mediaE. Radio
1. traditionally been seen as propaganda
2. BBC world service and Voice of America
VII. News Flow Patterns: Online and Offline
A. Problems and patterns of traditional media systems:
1. The four main Western news agencies (AP, Reuters, AFP, UPI) control most of the world’s news flow
2. Four Western agencies
3. Next five leading agencies
B. Developing countrie fears:
1. People in the developing world see themselves through Western lens
2. The West determines what is in the public sphere.
3. One-way news flow
4. “Soft” power influences local culture and thought
C. Core and Periphery Problem- Dependency Theory
VIII. The Outlook
A. Growing political and civil liberties à free flow of info
B. Totalitarian and authoritarian govs. still pose obstacles
C. Developing
D. New packaging and new opportunities for need-based online

chapter 4

Jihad Faroukhi
Dr.Ibahrine
Global Communication
Detailed Outline: The transnational Media Corporation and the Economics of Global Competition

· The transnational corporation TNC represents a natural evolution beyond the multinatioanl corporation of the 1960s and 1970s.One dintinctive feature of TNC is strategic decisions and allocation of resources based on economic goals and not national borders.
· The Transnational media corporation TNMC is the most powerful economic force for global media activity in the world. TNMC promotes the use of advanced media and information technology on a worldwide basis.
1. The Transnational Media Corpation
Two myths concerning the intentions of TNCMs and the people runing them
1. TNMCs operate in all markets of the world- FALSE, TNMCs tend to choose preferred markets, usually home mkt.
2. TNMCs have one singular business approach- FALSE, TNMCs have different strategies depending on their leadership
2. The Purpose of a Global Media Strategy
1. The majority of Trasnatioan Media Corporations become foreign direct investors gradually and do not set out to do so at the beginning of their companyB. TNMCs begin as a campany that is especcially strong in one or two areas.
3. The Globalization of Marketing
The globalization of markets involves the full integration of transnational business,nation-states, and technologies operating at high speed.
3.1. The Rules of Free Market Trade
· Free market capitalism
· Deregulation
· private sector
· opening of domestic market
· competition and choice
3.2. Foreign Direct Investment
3.2.1. Propriatary and Phisical Assets
3.2.2. Foreign Market Penetration
3.2.3. Production and Distribution Effecencies
3.2.4. Overcoming Regulatory Barriers to Entry
3.2.5. Empire Building
3.3. The Risks Associated with FDI
· Laws and rules of host country.
· Potential political instability.
· Socialist/nationalist govs.
· Anti-foreign business
· Need to do a country risk assessment before investing
4. Transational Media Ownership
4.1. Mergers, Acquisitions, and Strategic Alliances
4.1.1. Mergers: two companies combined into one example Time and Warner à Time Warner in 1989
4.1.2. Acquisitions : one company buys another to add/ acquire the other’s productive capacity Example Viacom buys CBS in 1999
4.1.3. Strategic Alliance : business relationship btwn. 2 or more companies to work towards a collective advantage Exmple Walt Disney licenses Tokyo Disneyland
4.2. When Mergers and Acquisions Fail
4.2.1. The Lack of Compelling Strategic Rationale
4.2.2. Failure to Perform Due Diligence
4.2.3. Post-Merger Planing and Integration failure
4.2.4. Financing and the Problem of Excessive Debt
5. The Media and global Finance
Media and telecommunication entails high start up costs and risk, size and reputation of TNC predict ability to raise capital in foreign mkt.
5.1. The Role of Global Capital Markets
5.2. Capital Markets Loans
5.3. Debt Financing
6. Business and Planing Strategies
6.1. Understanding Core Competency
6.2. Vertical Integration and Cross Media Ownership
6.3. Broadband Communication
7. Transational Medi and The Marketplace of Ideas
7.1. Transnational Media and economic Consolidation
7.2. The Deregulation Paradox
7.3. The Market Place of Ideas
7.4. Global Competition and the Difusion of Authority
7.5. TMNCs and Nation-States

France launches world TV channel

france has launched its internationa TV channel which will compete with BBC, CNN and Aljazeera. This channel was created in order to give the inetnational audiances an idea about france's opinion about the war in Iraq in addition to its position vis a vis different international events. France 24 is broadcasted in french but in the future it will be in English, Arabic and Spanish. I think that it is a good idea to have France 24 in these different languages because it will reach a huge number of local and international audiences. in addition to that it will provide a chances for employing journalits from different countries. we will have France 24 that gives news in frensh eyes, aljazeera in arabic eyes and CNN in American eyes. Thus, we will not have a monopoly of the news coverage and we will have a different appraoches (French,Arabic and American or English.
Jihad