chapter3:Global Economy and International Telecommunication

Jihad Faroukhi
Dr.Ibahrine
International Communication

Chapter 3:Global Economy and International Telecommunication

Global Economy affects our lives in personal ways. For example, we encounter products from all over the world.
The global economy is also related to global communication. They are inseparably intertwined: for the global economy requires global communication to control and coordinate global divisions of labour.
I. Pre-modern World:

1.1.1. In the 13th century, the world was very different from the world of today.
1.1.2. Foreigner products were rare.
1.1.3. The only people who had access to these products were kings, queens and the rich.
1.1.4. Everyday goods were made by local people who worked independently.

II. Division of Labour:
1.1.1. One important thing that distinguishes the modern world from the pre-modern was the extent to which division of labour was used in the production process.
1.1.2. With the division of labour the workers no longer world independently at their workshops; they instead work together as a group in a factory.
1.1.3. The flip side to division of labour is that it creates interdependencies.
1.1.4. In the old system shoemaker could wake up whenever he wanted and start working whenever it suited his mood.
1.1.5. In the new system, the division of labour requires coordination.
1.1.6. Division of labour increases productivity via specialization, which in tern creates problems of coordination and control.
1.1.7. Changes brought about by global economy, global division of labour, and global communication are explained in a purely conceptual way as if they were abstract phenomenon.
III. Imperialism:
1.1.1. In the 13th century the world was multipolar with multiple centers of power ( china, Egypt, India, Italy….).
1.1.2. This picture changed with the emergence of Portugueuse, Spanish, Deutsh, French and British empires in the 14th and 15th century.
1.1.3. the world became a monopolar one.
1.1.4. The new empires were not like earlier ones in history
1.1.5. They were far flung and disjoined and they extracted tribute in the form of gifts,grain or taxes every year.
1.1.6. one of the main reasons the imperial powers were interested in acquiring colonies was to gain access to raw materials for thei growing industries.
IV. Electronic Imperialism:
Electronic imperialism is a broad concept that can encompass a wide range of issues.
1.1.1. Global Media Flows
(a) After WW II the age of imperialism ended and the center of power moved across the Atlantic to the united states.
(b) The main source of US power was its economic rather than its military strength.
(c) The US dominates the cinema and television screens all over the world.
(d) Other countries are concerned about the cultural influence of films fearing that imported films will shape people’s attitudes and perceptions in the accordance with alien ideas and values.
(e) Many nations called for a new world information order(NWIO) that would change this asymmetrical patterns and make it more ballenced.
(f) The US opposed the NWIO.
1.1.2. Transborder Data Flow
(a) With the improvement in transportation technologies, international trade progressively moved beyond many commodities.
(b) The current imbalance in world trade further aggravates the problem because if one walks around a mall in the US and looks at the labels of different products in the stores; one will come across products made in china, Korea, Malaysia, Brazil…
(c) As the division of labour had progressed, manufacturing jobs have moved overseas from the US to developing countries where labour costs are much cheaper.
(d) This reflects the fact that most US manufacturing has moved overseas.
V. Emerging Network Structures
1.1.1. Newer technologies do not seem to follow the same logic: the cost of production equipment has dropped sharply.
1.1.2. The transmission costs have declined as bandwidths have increased with the deployment of fiber optic and other broadband technologies.
1.1.3. The internet with its all lateral communication potentialities, is at present like the British imperial telegraph network and is likely to remain like that for the foreseeable future.
VI. Toward A New World System
1.1.1. Throughout history there have been centers and peripheries.

detailed Outline of Chapter 2: Drawing a Bead on global Communication Theories.

Jihad Faroukhi
Dr. Ibahrine
International Communication


Detailed outline 2: Drawing a Bead on global Communication Theories.

I.“Normative” Theories.
1.one of the earliest attempts to think about the media internationally was a book entitled "Four Theories of the Press".
2.its author created a taxonomy which means "dividing up all the various versions and aspects of a topic into systematic categories and sometimes sub-categories".
3. The author suggested that the world's various media sydtems could be grouped into four categories:
i.Authoritarianb
ii. Sovietc
iii.Liberald
iiii.Social Responsibility
4. These Theories are what we call Denotic and normative.
5.Other Models: the development model and the participatory.
II.A Different Approach I: Comparing and Contrasting Media:
1.Exapmle of the Soviet Russian media system in order to understand the media internationally.
2.At least 4 important issues must be considred in ordet to understand the relation between the mainstream media to:
i.Political Power: under the Soviet model, Media was controlled heavily by the state
ii. Economic Crisis.
iii.Dramatic Social Transitions
3. The first media revolution started in the new revolutionary regimec
4.At the time of the revolution, Russian media were on the cutting Edge.d
5.In Stalin regime, media suffered under the new regime in the second transition after the revolution
III.A Different Approach II: Globalization and Mdia
1. coçmparing and contrassing media is one way to get a clearer focus on what it is that media actuaaly do in our world
2.to focus on the current trends toward the globalization of media and of other cultural processes.
3.Globalization signifies Structural economic changesble.
4. Globalization was used as cultural imperialism.
5. Transnational Labor migration generated tremendous cultural dislocation and expansion of cultural horizons among the migrant communities.

IV.A Different Approach III: Small-Scale Alternative Media.
1.Samizadt media refers to the hand-circulated pamphelts,poems,essays,plays,short stories... that began to emerge in Soviet Russia.
2.it contained various messages: religous,nationaliost,ecological,reformist...
3.it means self-published in contrast to state- published.

Detailed outline: Following the Historical Paths of Global Communication

Jihad Faroukhi
International Communication
Dr. Ibahrine
Detailed Outline

Chapter 1: Following the Historical Paths of Global Communication


1. Geographical Space: A Barrier to Communicate.
i. For a long time ago people using lighting signals fires on the tops of mountains, sending messages in reflected sunlight off polished metal shields.
ii. The concept of communication was introduced for the first time in 1979 by medieval historians.
iii. The “age of discovery” saw explorers travelling the edge of the known world mapping their paths for others to follow.
iv. Communication strategies and devices of many varieties were used to get advantage in warfare and trade.
2. Geography and the Mythical World.
i. Foreign lands were believed to be the bizarre and frightening places where gymnosophists contemplated the sun all day standing in the hot rays first on one leg and then on the other.
ii. The Product of fear and imagination, these mythical ideas among ancient cultures were richly symbolic and were accompanied by expression in art, science, language and ritual.
3. Ancient Encounters of societies and cultures.
i. Greek and Arab Philosopher and mathematicians sought to rise above mythical beliefs and to construct rational models for knowledge, and they saw the world as measurable and they suggested the use of coordinates to divide geographical space.
ii. The early Greeks regarded the remote islands to their west as the horizon of the known world.
iii. Alexander the Great stretched the geographical boundaries of the European worldview even farter.
4. Global explorers: Migrants, holy People, Merchants.
i. For ancient pre-agrarian societies in Europe, migration was a way of life.
ii. Changing climate conditions and food supplies required a nomadic life before 2000BCE.
iii. Except for trade caravans and emissaries on state business with armed escorts, travel was considered hazardous and difficult.
iv. After the fall of the Greek and Roman Empires knowledge and curiosity about China and India ebbed among Europeans.

5. Map Makers and the Medival World.

i. Mapping was an integral part of Communication history.
ii. Maps were considered to be valuable keys to unlocking unknown worlds.
iii. Maps served many purposes in ancient times, including maritime navigations, religious pilgrimages and military and administrative uses.

6. Inventors: Signals and Semaphores.

i. A time line tracking the emergence of information technologies
shows a bewildering array of conceptual and material inventions.
ii. Most information technologies were solutions to tangible and I mm immediate problems.
iii. The earliest known communication use of a simple signal ys tem system over distances employed fires or beacons.
iv. Rliability and speed of delivery through the medieval postal system were remarkably good.

7. The Printing Press: Literacy and the Knowledge Explosion.

i. The social consequences of the printing press were far-reaching, eventually encouraging the practice of reading among common people and the reformation of medieval European institutions, religious, and governments.

ii. The postal service was an innovation patterned after older courier and messenger system.

8. Scientists and international Networks.
i. Technological innovations in travel and the changing role of international science in the mid 19th century brought far reaching changes in relations between nations.
ii. The introduction of the first user-friendly electric telegraph was a break-through in the longstanding dilemma over development of the two way information exchange.
9. The International electric Revolution.
i. The Scientific innovations of the 19th century launched the world on a path to electrification of industry and commerce.

ii.The telephone was a communication innovation that was adopted and managed differently in each nation.

ii.Lee De Forest who is remembered as the “father of radio” made significant advancement in the clarity of sound with his triode vacuum tube, making the transmission of sound possible.

Outline of chapter 1

Jihad Faroukhi
International Communication

Chapter 1 : Following the Historical Paths of Global Communication


1. Geographical Space: A Barrier To Communicate.
2. Geography and the Mythical World.
3. Ancient Encounters of societies and cultures.
4. Global explorers: Migrants, holy People, Merchants.
5. Map Makers and the Medival World.
6. Inventors: Signals and Semaphores.
7. the Printing Press: Literacy and the Knowledge Explosion.
8. Scientists and international Networks.
9. The International electric Revolution.
10. Summary: Global Immediacy and Transparency.